The earth “plays a key role” in the climate system as an important carbon sink because land surfaces such as forests regulate the planet’s temperature and help store carbon. In the last decade alone, terrestrial ecosystems have absorbed about 30% of carbon emissions from human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels.But our lands are under increasing pressure from deforestation, urbanization, industrial development, agricultural expansion, and unsustainable farming practices that undermine the ability to sustain food production, sustain freshwater and forest resources, and climate and air quality regulation. Conserving tropical forests has many benefits, from protecting biodiversity, sustaining indigenous and local communities, and safeguarding climate. To achieve the ambitious climate goals of the Paris Agreement, forest protection is essential. Yet deforestation continues to diminish the world’s forests. Halting this trend is the objective of the international framework for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+). While previous studies have demonstrated the contribution of tropical forests to mitigate climate change, here we show that tropical forest protection can ‘flatten the curve’ of the costs of transition to climate stability, estimating tens of trillions of dollars in policy cost savings.

It was extremely difficult for the deported peoples to adapt to new natural conditions, and to a new ethnic environment, and to a new humiliating situation. K.D. Ushinsky wrote that the influence of natural conditions on people is so powerful that the destruction of these conditions (and in this case separation) torments a person with painful homesickness. A number of government regulations established a cruel special regime. Settlers scattered in small groups from Kyrgyzstan to Kazakhstan did not have the opportunity to keep in touch with each other. In order to survive physically and morally, the settlers had to prove their innocence every minute of their existence. Adaptation in new geographic and climatic conditions, different from historical ones, had a dominating and depressing effect on the moral and psychological state of people.

The phase diagram of the stable tetrahedron NaCl – KCl – PbCl2 – PbWO4 of the quaternary reciprocal system Na, K, Pb // Cl, WO4 was first studied using methods of differential thermal analysis. Its phase diagram was triangulated and stable triangulating internal sections of NaCl – PbWO4 – KCl.2PbCl2, NaCl – PbWO4–2KCl. PbCl2 and obtained tetrahedra NaCl – PbCl2 – PbWO4 – KCl.2PbCl2, NaCl – KCl – PbWP4, and NaCl – KCl – PbWP4. There are coordinates of three quadruple invariant points revealed.

The topology of the phase diagram of the four-component mutual system Li,Na,Pb//WO4,SO4 has been analyzed. It is shown that it is saturated with the formation of double compounds, as well as triple bonding. Triangulation of the phase diagram into stable elements has been carried out by the graph method and the main chemical reactions of exchange by the conversion method have been revealed. The phase diagram of the internal stable section Li2SO4 -Na2SO4 -PbWO4 was studied by the differential thermal analysis, the coordinates of the three ternary nonvariant points, including eutectics, peritectics and transition point of wedging were revealed. The possibility of chemical synthesis of lead oxide tungsten bronzes in eutectic melts of the three-component system Li2SO4 Na2SO4 -PbWO4 has been shown.

There is a topology of the four-component reciprocal system Li, K, Pb ǁ Cl, WO4, its phase diagram was triangulated and stable tetrahedra revealed, the dominant chemical reactions of mutual exchange and complexation were determined. There are chemical synthesis of lead tungstate and lead oxide tungsten bronzes in ionic melts of the Li, K, Pb ǁ Cl, WO4 system carried out. A synthesis technology for lead tungstate in ionic melts is proposed based on the results.