The study analysed causality between agricultural exports and its share of gross domestic product in South Africa from 1994 to 2011. Apple, avocado, mango and orange exports in tonnes were used to Granger analyse agricultural exports versa agricultural GDP contribution. The results of the Granger causality test showed a unidirectional causality between exports and GDP. Policies and programmes can help farmers with employees wage to enter the export markets which are ineffectual. Policies can be aimed at redress, such as the Employment Equity Act; which is size dependent on other sectors outside agriculture which discourage growth and export participation.

Livestock is a key livelihood component for the majority of inhabitants of the Bale Eco region and sh ould be central to sustainable land and resource use planning and management in the area. In majority of bale zone Livestock management is maintained through high level of seasonal mobility ( Godantu ) which allows access to vital grazing, water resources an d mineral springs as rotational grazing system and risk minimization mechanism of pastoralist. Even though, Godantu system is efficient and effective mechanism of natural resources utilization and management, the system is challenged by factors like Shorta ges in grazing land, reduced water availability (particularly in the dry season); long distance and time to access grazing area and watering point, resource user conflicts (between livestock and crop farming/forest protection/National Park conservation, animal health problems due to increased vulnerability, lack of support and government policy towards pastoralists .