The fabrication of “soft” nanocomposite clay armored polymer latexes is described. Laponite clay XLS is used as stabilizer in the Pickering emulsion polymerization of a variety of monomer mixtures, that is, methyl methacrylate and n-butyl acrylate, styrene and n-butyl acrylate, and styrene and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate. Overall solids contents of the hybrid latexes in complete absence of coagulation of up to 24 wt % are reported under batch conditions. Key mechanistic aspects of the Pickering emulsion polymerization process are discussed. The use of monomers that have high water solubility and are prone to hydrolyze under basic conditions, for example methyl methacrylate, should be restricted. The use of small amounts of methacrylic acid as auxiliary monomer promotes clay adhesion to the surface of the particles in the Pickering emulsion (co)polymerization of hydrophobic monomers. Detailed kinetic studies at both 60 and 80 °C of the Pickering emulsion copolymerization of styrene and n-butyl acrylate (Sty:BA = 0.67 w/w) are reported, with varying amounts of Pickering stabilizer. The Laponite clay discs play a crucial role in the particle formation (nucleation) stage of the Pickering emulsion polymerization process. Use of increasing amounts leads to smaller average particle sizes but inflicts longer nucleation periods, thereby broadening the particle size distributions. We report the occurrence of a catastrophic coagulation phenomenon for Pickering emulsion polymerizations carried out at a low initiator (ammonium persulfate) flux at 60 °C, for a small window of concentrations of Laponite clay discs.

Unstabilized poly(ether block amide) (PEBA, PEBAX) of the type used in angioplasty balloons was aged at temperatures of 18-858C for periods of up to 313 days. Since PEBA is used in safety critical applications, understanding the effects and underlying mechanisms of ageing and the validity of accelerated ageing protocols is vital. Mechanical testing indicated an increase in modulus during ageing consistent with embrittlement. An activation energy (E a ) of 47.3 kJ mol 21 was calculated over the temperature range 18-458C and increased deviation from linear Arrhenius behavior observed above 458C. This value of E a would result in the commonly applied 108C rule over estimating shelf life.