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Three experiments of spawning induction in shi drum, Umbrina cirrosa L., were performed in six different commercial Italian hatcheries from May to August (water temperatures: 19-29 °C; salinity: 21-37 p.p.t.). In the first experiment, 119 females (1-4.7 kg), subdivided into 29 lots, were injected with a single dose (2, 5, 8, 10, 15 and 20 μg kg-1 body weight) of short-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa-S), des-Gly10,[D-Ala6]-LH-RH ethylamide. In the other two experiments, 85 females (0.7-5.8 kg), subdivided into 22 and four lots, were treated with one (40 or 80 μg kg-1) or three doses (40 μg kg-1) of long-acting GnRHa (GnRHa-L), respectively. GnRHa-S stimulated spawning in 69% of the 29 treated lots; the number of eggs laid reached a maximum of 130 000 and a weighted mean of 29 200 total eggs kg-1. GnRHa-L elicited a spawning response in 95% of the 22 one-dose treated lots; the number of laid eggs was higher than with GnRHa-S, reaching a maximum of 213 100 and a weighted mean of 59 400 total eggs kg-1. The yield of developing embryos in 67% of the single GnRHa-L treatments was higher (sometimes up to three times) than with GnRHa-S. Triple treatments of the four lots of females with GnRHa-L always resulted in spawning responses; the best result corresponded to a number of total laid eggs of 358 900 eggs kg-1 with a yield of 177 300 developing embryos

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