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This study aimed to clarify the local and systemic immune responses at different burn depths. Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: full-thickness (F), partial-thickness (P), and Sham (S). Burns were induced on three separate areas on the dorsums of rats. Serum levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma; tumor necrosis factor-alpha; interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and IL-10 were measured once in controls and 1 hour after burn, 48 hours after burn, and 7 days after burn in F and P groups. Neutrophils, CD68-positive macrophages, HLA-DR-positive cells, and CD3-positive lymphocytes were graded semiquantitatively, and the wounds were examined once in shams and at 1 hour after burn, 48 hours after burn, and 7 days after burn in F and P groups. IL-6 levels were highest in F group, followed by P group 1 hour after burn. IFN-gamma levels were higher in the F group; IL-1 levels were higher in F and P groups at 1 hour after burn. Local accumulation of macrophages was similar in F and P groups. Lymphocytes were denser in P group at 1 hour after burn, and neutrophils were denser in F group at 7 days after burn. We suggest that early elevations of IL-6 and IFN-gamma prolong inflammation in full-thickness burns. Modulation of proinflammatory cytokines may improve burn wound treatment.

The article presents the case of an 18-month-old boy with major scald burns complicated by acquired F-X deficiency. On the 15th day of hospitalization, the patient developed sepsis and fever. He also exhibited bruxism, especially during the febrile episodes, which his permanent teeth to luxate and become mobile. Pedodontists decided that all the child's teeth should be extracted to ensure proper development of the jaw with growth. Twelve hours later, he developed a leukemoid reaction, which was attributed to infection with another aerobic organism or development of anaerobic bacteremia after teeth extraction. Twenty-four hours after the extractions, the burn wounds began oozing and there was extensive gingival bleeding and epistaxis. Coagulation parameters were assessed immediately. Disseminated intravascular coagulation was detected initially and was successfully treated with fresh-frozen plasma transfusions, but bleeding from the burn wounds and nasal/oral mucous membranes continued. Further testing revealed the diagnosis of acquired isolated F-X deficiency linked with antiphospholipid antibodies. Treatment with plasmapheresis, steroids, and intravenous immunoglobulin was successful. Hypertrophic scar formation was the only issue during 7 months of follow-up.

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