Introduction. Currently, there are drugs that can improve cognitive processes. They are nootropics. The term "nootropics" was introduced in 1972, when piracetam's memory-enhancing properties were discovered, and this group of drugs has served the human benefit for half a century. The purpose of the work is to analyze known facts and new trends in the development of nootropics as a pharmacological group. Materials and methods. Internet resources (PubMed, Google Scholar, CrossRef) are used to search for information. Original research articles, meta-analyses and systematic reviews are included in the study. Attention was focused on providing an up-to-date overview of known means. Main part. For classification, the distribution of nootropics according to the mechanism of action is proposed. Nootropics have both a receptor mechanism of action and improve the supply of glucose and oxygen to the brain, the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids and phospholipids, eliminate oxygen free radicals, have an antiplatelet effect, and optimize cerebral blood circulation. They are used for the treatment of psycho-organic syndrome. Nootropics are effective in providing benign senile disease, in children with minimal brain dysfunction syndrome, in case of encephalopathy and myalgic encephalomyelitis. Nootropics are indicated for patients with Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, hyperkinetic disorder. They are well tolerated. Their effectiveness depends on the dose, and after the disappearance of the disorder, the treatment should be continued for at least 2-3 weeks. Nootropics attract the attention of practically healthy individuals, in particular, students, but their use by healthy people is against concern due to the absence of clinical evidence of effectiveness, safety and social consequences. Some of the most famous nootropic drugs are piracetam, pyritinol, nicergoline, and vinpocetine, which have certain shades of pharmacodynamics, dosage, and side effects. Conclusions. Therefore, all nootropics improve cognitive function, especially in cases of the damage or degeneration, are well tolerated and should be prescribed by a specialist in each specific case. New research is needed to confirm or simplify the beneficial effects of nootropics in healthy individuals.

Introduction. Covid-19 is an infectious contagious disease of viral etiology caused by SARS-COv-2. Covid-19 is a highly infectious viral disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. The management of Covid-19 presents significant challenges, and the decision regarding the level of medical care provided, whether in outpatient or hospital settings, relies primarily on the clinical assessment of the patient's condition. The aim of this paper is to review and analyze the pharmacological properties of antiviral drugs used in the treatment regimens for Covid-19. Materials and Methods: In this research, internet resources such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and CrossRef were utilized. The focus was on providing an up-to-date review of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of antiviral drugs used in the treatment of Covid-19. Monlupiravir is an antiviral prodrug with activity against SARS-CoV-2. It is prescribed for patients with mild to moderate Covid-19 who are at high risk of developing severe forms of the disease or death. Ribavirin is a nucleoside analogue with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Remdesivir is a direct-acting antiviral drug that inhibits the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and it is indicated for seriously ill Covid-19 patients with pneumonia requiring oxygen therapy, as well as for patients with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, immunosuppressive conditions, and renal failure. Favipiravin is a direct-acting synthetic antiviral drug, selective RNA polymerase inhibitor, which is indicated for the treatment of moderate and severe COVID-19, pandemic infections caused by influenza virus, and also when other drugs are ineffective. Lopinavir/ritonavir is a combination drug, a protease inhibitor, which is used in the treatment charts for seriously ill patients with COVID-19. Conclusion. The search for effective etiotropic drugs for treatment of patients with COVID-19 is still continuing. Monlupiravir, ribavirin, remdesivir, favipiravin, plitidepsin, lopinavir / ritonavir are used for treatment. Mechanism of drugs’ action, peculiarities of their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, possible side effects, dosage forms are required for the choice of the drug. Favipiravir is a synthetic antiviral drug that acts as a selective RNA polymerase inhibitor. It is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe Covid-19, as well as for pandemic influenza infections when other drugs are ineffective. Lopinavir/ritonavir is a combination drug and a protease inhibitor used in the treatment of severely ill patients with Covid-19.