Cancer is the second most common cause of death in women of childbearing age. However, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a rare tumor in this collective with an incidence far below 5/100,000 cases per year. Therefore, medical experience with respect to diagnostics and therapeutic management of newly diagnosed RCC in pregnant women is scarce and the number of published cases low. However, recent studies indicated that higher estrogen levels and multigravidity could be associated with a higher risk of RCC. The aim of this article is to summarize the clinical experience in treating pregnant women with renal cancer against the background of those cases published in the literature.

Diaphragmatic hernia can be inborn as well as acquired. We report on the manifestation of an intrathoracic hernia after laparoscopic nephrectomy. Intraoperative and postoperative complications could make intense medical treatment or further surgery necessary. In cases of lasting abdominal discomfort or pulmonary symptoms after abdominal surgery, radiological investigation to exclude intrathoracic hernia should be considered.

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Most of the "strong recommendations" are followed by the interviewed urologists of the administrative district of Münster. Contextually relevant deviations from "strong recommendations" are justified, e. g., the only limited transferability of the PSA threshold of 4 ng/ml derived from population-based studies of asymptomatic men to men presenting in a urologist's office.