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Abstract Introduction Tympanoplasty is a surgical method, to eradicate middle ear infection and improve its function. In tympanoplasty graft can be by overlay or underlay technique. In underlay technique the graft material can be placed either medial or lateral to the handle of malleus. Objective: To compare the outcome of the surgery when the temporalis fascia graft is placed medial or lateral to the handle of malleus, in terms of complete take up of the graft and hearing improvement after the surgery. Materials & methods A prospective and comparative hospital-based study was done in the Otorhinolaryngology (ENT) department of a tertiary referral hospital of Kolkata, from 1st January, 2021 to 30th June, 2022 (18 months). 60 patients were included in the study. Results We found that association of tympanic membrane status with group was not statistically significant after 1 month of surgery (p=1.0000) and after 3 months of surgery (p=0.6711). Distribution of mean postoperative hearing gain after 3 months of surgery with group was not statistically significant (p=0.3020). Conclusion We found both the techniques are equally effective in terms of complete graft take up and post operative hearing gain after 3 months follow up.

Sundarbans in West Bengal of India by virtue of its strategic location in the Eastern coast on the Bay of Bengal falls in one of the most vulnerable zones of abrupt climate change. Temporal trends of weather parameters of Canning Town (22o18'10.8'' N Latitude, 88o39'58.4'' E Longitude, elevation 3.52 m msl) representing Indian Sundarbans were analysed by non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope approaches. Analysis of long term rainfall data (1966-2015) indicated that Canning receives a mean annual rainfall of 1821 mm (±341.8 mm) with a considerable variation (CV = 18.8%). The results revealed that total annual rainfall trend decreased non-signicantly at the rate of 0.94 mm yr-1. On an average 84.4 rainy days in a year was recorded in the region, whereas during last ten years (2006-2015), the number of rainy days was reduced to 79.7 days yr-1. There was no signicant change in maximum, minimum and mean temperature of the region. Bright sunshine hours declined signicantly at an annual rate of 0.055 hr yr-1. Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET ) calculated using FAO Penman-Monteith method revealed that annual ET signicantly decreased at the rate of 5.98 mm yr-1. There was 2.7 times surplus rainfall than  crop evapotranspiration during monsoon months indicating very high scope of water harvesting to tackle water logging during the monsoon season and unavailability of fresh water for irrigation during lean season.