Aim:This study was revealed the potential of Peperomia pellucida leaf extract as an immunostimulator agent in controlling motile aeromonad septicemia due to Aeromonas hydrophila in red hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis sp.Materials and Methods:In the present study, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of P. pellucida leaf extract against A. hydrophila was determined through two-fold microbroth dilution method. The plant extract was screening for its active compound using a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer, and the effectiveness of P. pellucida leaf extract as an immunostimulator agent was evaluated. The experimental fish were fed with medicated feed at three different concentrations (25 mg/kg, PP-25; 50 mg/kg, PP-50; and 100 mg/kg, PP-100) of P. pellucida leaf extract for 1 week before they were intraperitoneally exposed to A. hydrophila. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was carried out to determine the value of antibody response to A. hydrophila in fish from a group of fish that received medicated feed, and the percentage of total cumulative mortality of the experimental fish were observed at the end of the experiment.Results:The results showed that the major bioactive compound is phytol (40%), and the MIC value was 31.5 mg/L. The value of antibody response to A. hydrophila in fish from a group of fish which received medicated feed (PP-25, 0.128±0.014 optical density [OD]; PP-50, 0.132±0.003 OD; and PP-100, 0.171±0.02 OD) was found significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to fish did not receive medicated feed (0.00 OD). Whereas, percentage cumulative mortality of fish from all groups of fish received medicated feed (PP-25, 18.0±3.2%; PP-50, 18.2±2.8%; and PP-100, 17.7±1.8%) were found significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to a group of fish did not receive medicated feed (83.2±1.4%).Conclusion:The findings of the present study indicated the huge potential of P. pellucida leaf extract as natural immunostimulator agent for aquaculture uses.

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Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. This industry supplies half of thefisheries products consumed annually, and future global demand can only be supplied by increasingaquaculture production, which, in turn, requires more aquafeed. Alternative ingredients must beincreasingly used to supply significant proportions of protein and energy in aquafeeds, creatingboth challenges and opportunities for researchers and industry. Nowadays, there are too manyresearches on fish disease, growth and health but less in a fish feed especially a replacement ofprotein from plant sources in the fish feed. One of the alternative ways to optimise the growth andhealth condition of the fish is provide them a good protein from plant as a replacement in fish mealwith the natural source protein instead of giving a good rearing condition and caring of the fish.The present article was constructed to highlight a replacement of plant protein sources as analternative of fish meal for fish feed in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus that has been done byresearchers. However, the application of replacement from plant protein sources in fish meal is nowgradually gaining importance in commercial aquaculture practices and opened the door for theresearchers to expend of this application, thus more detailed studies on molecular basis should belooked as to get the quality and enough nutrient fish feed for good production of aquacultureindustry.

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Pycnonotus jocosus is known as red-whiskered bulbul or known by local Malaysian as songbird or burung candik. Burung candik is one of the favourite pet birds’. Generally, it comes from Bangladesh, southern China, India, Nepal, north Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam (Animal Pest Alert: Red-whiskered Bulbul). Burung candik is favoured because of their ability in singing in east-coast region of Malaysia specifically. In this research, the caring practices are observed. All the result were recorded and documented through interview and experiment research. The caring practices concerned are housing and cage, bathing and grooming, singing feature and diet and feeding. The results showed that one cage equipped with one bird for comfort and to avoid fighting. The birds were needed to be bathed once in a week at least according to the bird’s willingness. General singing functions are to attract the mate and territorial defense. Feed given were insects, fruits and pellet.