The objective of this chapter is to report outbreaks of nephrosis that occurred in the state of Pernambuco in areas invaded by Thiloa glaucocarpa. Thirty-two cases of toxic nephrosis were reported in the files of the Bovine Clinics of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, in the City of Garanhuns, state of Pernambuco. The cases occurred on seven farms in 2000-2002, 2007, and 2008 in the municipalities of Saloá, Buíque, Capoeiras, Paranatama, and São João, all located in the Agreste region (transition area between the lush, rainy coast and the semiarid region of the deep interior). Twenty-three of the 32 affected bovines died. Outbreaks occurred between August and October at the start of the dry season. All animals affected were females of Holstein/Zebu mixed breed. The animals had been raised in extensive systems, fed on native pastures, and received mineral salt. T. glaucocarpa was present on the farms where the disease occurred, suggesting that the disease was caused by the ingestion of this plant.

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