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{font-family:Calibri; panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; mso-hyphenate:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-language:#00FF;} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: ">As early as 460 BC, Hippocrates, the famous Greek Physician and Father of Medicine acknowledged the importance of exercise for strengthening the body, enhancing recovery from diseases, and for prevention and care of mental problems. Indeed, according to the available literature, regular physical activity has been variously said to prevent osteoporosis, heart problems, type II diabetes mellitus, lower back ache, migraine headaches, among many other infirmities. Sports also liberate and enhance character development. These benefits of sports and exercise to the community must be enjoyed by people with and without disabilities without favor or discrimination. Similarly, a lot has so far been achieved on enhancing the full potential of people with disabilities through sports in Kenya and elsewhere in the world, both historically and in contemporary days. For instance, Pierre de Coubertin’s effort in reviving the Modern Olympics in 1896 emanated from his strong desire to transform the French population into a formidable, cohesive nation; a desire that he later extended to the rest of the world.<span> </span>de Coubertin’s modern Olympics desire of enhancing people’s capacity through sports has today led to the Paralympics movement which ensures among other things that, persons with disabilities are not marginalized in the local and global society. It is in line with this background that Kenya has made a tremendous effort in ensuring a full involvement of the persons with disabilities in sports for the aforementioned benefits. This paper illustrates the efforts that have been made in Kenya today toward enhancing the life of persons with disability via sports programs both within the educational institutions and within the community at large.</span></p>
It is in the public domain that amateur and professional athletes have used performanceenhancing substance (PES) with the aim of directly or indirectly improve performance. Research findings also indicate that athletes are not fully aware of physical, physiological and psychological effects of some of the substances and drugs used. Effects of the drugs and substances used have both short term and long term effects some of which are reversible after termination of the substance in use while others are irreversible. This paper discusses Kenya teacher trainee athletes' awareness of PES use in sports. Trainees after graduating from colleges are expected to teach Physical education besides other subject as well as be sports coaches to young athletes in primary and secondary school levels of education. It is therefore imperative that teacher trainees be fully aware of the effects of PES in order to guide young athletes in achieving sports potential through training without resorting to using illegal methods. A total of 422 (211 male and 211 female) teacher trainees drawn from public and private teacher training colleges responded to a self report questionnaire. The respondents were participants in national ball games and track and field athletics sports competitions under Kenya Teachers Colleges Sports Association (KTSCA). Athletes' awareness of PES and their effects of selected substances were assessed with items revolving around familiarity with the WADA anti-doping code, and extent of knowledge of use and effects of PES. This study findings show 49.3% of athletes knew of the WADA code while 43.3% were not aware of its existence. About 48.0% knew of the regulation as stipulated in the code but 42.7% did not know. Further athletes were not fully aware of effects of selected substances with 67.8%, 47.0%, 51.9%, 43.6% and 51.5% reporting that miraa (khat), marijuana, caffeine, anabolic steroids, and cocaine respectively do not enhance sports performance. It was recommended that a comprehensive anti-doping strategy at primary, secondary and, colleges be adopted where anti-doping education can be imparted beyond classroom. Investigation should be done on the level of awareness of doping/PES by athletes' personnel of collegiate teams. Research is necessary to establish the effectiveness of the doping content taught to the teacher trainees
Philosophy of Sport is a branch of Philosophy that seeks to conceptually analyze issues of sport as a human activity. It is concerned with questions and practical debates that arise in the context of sports. This branch of Philosophy originated in Ancient Greece with the advent of the Ancient Olympic Games. It utilizes non-empirical methods of philosophers to examine sport issues. The issues of sport fall in three philosophical categories that include metaphysics, ethics and moral philosophy, as well as political philosophy. Specifically, important questions that are explored in Philosophy of Sport relate to the nature, value, social virtues and morality in sports. Other related areas include mind-body holism, sexuality and gender, amateurism and professionalism, as well as the logic of rules in sport. By addressing questions in these areas, a better understanding of sport can be realized. This paper therefore, traces the historical development of Philosophy of Sport as an academic discipline and sheds light on the areas of philosophical debate in modern sport.
The purpose of this study was to assess how age and leisure time influence participation in recreational activities among women in Kibera Informal Settlement. Chi-square (x 2) test of independence at a significance level of 0.05 was used to test the existing relationship between the frequency of participation in recreational activities, age and available leisure time. Data was collected through questionnaires from (n=384) women residing in Kibera Informal settlement. Findings showed that the majority of women were self-employed, earned less than Ksh.10, 000 per month, had attained primary level of education, they were aged between 20-25 years and they had family sizes of 1 to 2 children. Both age and leisure time were major determinants of frequency of participation in recreational activities. Findings of the study suggest that the ministries of Health and Sports should educate the members of the public within the informal settlement areas on the health benefits of recreation and good time management to encourage frequent participation in recreational activities, recreation service providers to avail affordable and pleasanter recreational facilities/programmes to cater for all ages.
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