Several metals belong to a group of non-biodegradable inorganic constituents that, at low concentrations, play fundamental roles as essential micronutrients for the growth and development of plants. However, in high concentrations they can have toxic and/or mutagenic effects, which can be counteracted by natural chemical compounds called chelators. Chelators have a diversity of chemical structures; many are organic acids, including carboxylic acids and cyclic phenolic acids. The exogenous application of such compounds is a non-genetic approach, which is proving to be a successful strategy to reduce damage caused by heavy metal toxicity. In this review, we will present the latest literature on the exogenous addition of both carboxylic acids, including the Kreb’s Cycle intermediates citric and malic acid, as well as oxalic acid, lipoic acid, and phenolic acids (gallic and caffeic acid). The use of two non-traditional organic acids, the phytohormones jasmonic and salicylic acids, is also discussed. We place particular emphasis on physiological and molecular responses, and their impact in increasing heavy metal tolerance, especially in crop species.
Resumen Las cicatrices atróficas constituyen una complicación frecuente del acné vulgar. Existen múltiples tratamientos quirúrgicos IntroducciónEl acné cicatricial (AC) corresponde a una complicación frecuente del acné vulgar 1 , que resulta del daño inflamatorio de la unidad pilosebácea asociado a un inadecuado proceso de cicatrización. Su relevancia radica en que puede conducir a una desfiguración física importante, generando un impacto psicosocial profundo en los pacientes 2 .Las cicatrices atróficas son el tipo más frecuente y se producen por la destrucción del colágeno secundaria a una respuesta inflamatoria persistente. Según su morfología, se clasifican en cicatrices tipo icepick (picahielo), rolling (circulares) y boxcar (rectangulares o en sacabocado) 3 .El adecuado tratamiento del acné en etapas iniciales es la medida más importante para prevenir las secuelas cicatriciales 4 , ya que una vez formada la cicatriz, no es posible eliminarla por completo. Sin embargo, es frecuente que los pacientes consulten cuando las lesiones cicatriciales ya se encuentran establecidas, por lo que el conocimiento de las distintas opciones terapéuticas es fundamental para la prác-tica dermatológica.La elección del tratamiento debe ser individualizada, considerando la severidad de las lesiones, las expectativas del paciente, el perfil de efectos secundarios, el equipamiento
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