are regionally-and seasonally-varying (Cross-Chapter Box 3.1, Figure 1c; Trenberth et al., 2014; Zang et al., 2019). Further, there was no slowdown in the increasing occurrence of hot extremes over land (Kamae et al., 2014;Seneviratne et al., 2014;Imada et al., 2017). Thus, the internally-driven slowdown of GSAT increase does not correspond to slowdown of warming everywhere on the Earth's surface. Updated forcingCMIP5 historical simulations driven by observed forcing variations ended in 2005 and were extended with RCP scenario simulations for model-observation comparisons beyond that date. Post AR5 studies based on updated external forcing show that while no net effect of updated anthropogenic aerosols is found on GSAT trends (
To test the effect of different stocking on their growth, survival rate and number of marketable ish, juveniles of koi carp (0.4 g), Cyprinus carpio vr. Koi were cultured for 30 days in 200 L aquariums with densities of 150 exemplars and 300 exemplars respectively. Experiment was conducted in a recirculating system equipped with independent units for mechanical and biological iltration. At the end of the experiment, the data were processed in order to develop a model of growth and determination of the appropriate equation. In terms of growth, Anova test reveals signi icant differences among the four experimental groups regarding individual inal weight, which is determined by the variability of the populations tested intragroup variability as evidenced by the coef icient of variation (>50% for all experimental variants) and the distributions of individual body weight evidenced by the chart type "box and whiskers" which can be seen a large number of extreme values. Technological ef iciency did not follow a pattern directly correlated with stocking density, so the differences are practical dictated by the heterogeneity of the population, which has resulted in signi icant differences in size between individuals and the manifestation of the phenomenon of cannibalism. More researches are still needed to further optimize stocking density of Japanese Ornamental Carp in recirculating system.
Here, we aim to improve the overall sustainability of aquaponic basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)-sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) integrated recirculating systems. We implement new AI methods for operational management together with innovative solutions for plant growth bed, consisting of Rapana venosa shells (R), considered wastes in the food processing industry. To this end, the ARIMA-supervised learning method was used to develop solutions for forecasting the growth of both fish and plant biomass, while multi-linear regression (MLR), generalized additive models (GAM), and XGBoost were used for developing black-box virtual sensors for water quality. The efficiency of the new R substrate was evaluated and compared to the consecrated light expended clay aggregate—LECA aquaponics substrate (H). Considering two different technological scenarios (A—high feed input, B—low feed input, respectively), nutrient reduction rates, plant biomass growth performance and additionally plant quality are analysed. The resulting prediction models reveal a good accuracy, with the best metrics for predicting N-NO3 concentration in technological water. Furthermore, PCA analysis reveals a high correlation between water dissolved oxygen and pH. The use of innovative R growth substrate assured better basil growth performance. Indeed, this was in terms of both average fresh weight per basil plant, with 22.59% more at AR compared to AH, 16.45% more at BR compared to BH, respectively, as well as for average leaf area (LA) with 8.36% more at AR compared to AH, 9.49% more at BR compared to BH. However, the use of R substrate revealed a lower N-NH4 and N-NO3 reduction rate in technological water, compared to H-based variants (19.58% at AR and 18.95% at BR, compared to 20.75% at AH and 26.53% at BH for N-NH4; 2.02% at AR and 4.1% at BR, compared to 3.16% at AH and 5.24% at BH for N-NO3). The concentration of Ca, K, Mg and NO3 in the basil leaf area registered the following relationship between the experimental variants: AR > AH > BR > BH. In the root area however, the NO3 were higher in H variants with low feed input. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents in basil roots and aerial parts and the antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of experimental variants revealed that the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found in the BH variant (0.348% and 0.169%, respectively in the roots, 0.512% and 0.019%, respectively in the aerial parts), while the methanolic extract obtained from the roots of the same variant showed the most potent antioxidant activity (89.15%). The results revealed that an analytical framework based on supervised learning can be successfully employed in various technological scenarios to optimize operational management in an aquaponic basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)-sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) integrated recirculating systems. Also, the R substrate represents a suitable alternative for replacing conventional aquaponic grow beds. This is because it offers better plant growth performance and plant quality, together with a comparable nitrogen compound reduction rate. Future studies should investigate the long-term efficiency of innovative R aquaponic growth bed. Thus, focusing on the application of the developed prediction and forecasting models developed here, on a wider range of technological scenarios.
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