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We studied the effect of reduced oxygen content (5%) on the phenotype and functional activity of cultured human mesenchymal stem cells. The expression of main immunophenotypic markers for mesenchymal stem cells (CD13, CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, and HLA-I) remained practically unchanged under conditions of hypoxia. The expression of cell adhesion molecules (CD54 and CD106) increased during coculturing of mesenchymal stem cells and hemopoietic stem cells. These changes were accompanied by increased production of hemopoietins (interleukin-6 and interleukin-8) and enhanced colony-forming capacity of hemopoietic stem cells. Coculturing of mesenchymal stem cells and hemopoietic stem cells during hypoxia was followed by increased formation of hemopoietic islets and intensive production of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and vascular endothelial growth factor (compared to cultures under normoxic conditions).