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Application of wastewater can decrease the hydraulic conductivity of soils, and so reduce future loading rates. A possible mechanism for this decrease is blockage of soil pores by microbial growth and extracellular carbohydrate production. Our objective was to determine whether wastewater characteristics that increased microbial biomass and carbohydrate also decreased soil hydraulic conductivity. In field trials, irrigation of secondary-treated wastewater for 7 years onto a sandy soil increased carbohydrate, but had no effect on microbial C or unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, relative to non-irrigated soil. Irrigation of tertiary-treated wastewater for 5 years onto an allophanic soil had no significant effect on these soil characteristics. Effects on soil properties of wastewater with differing carbon : nitrogen (C : N) ratio were examined in the laboratory on repacked cores of the allophanic soil over 14 weeks. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity decreased significantly in cores irrigated with the high C: N wastewater. These cores also exhibited an increase in soil carbohydrate content, microbial biomass, and respiration relative to cores irrigated with water. This study has demonstrated that the land treatment of industrial wastewaters of high C: N ratio and high biochemical oxygen demand could be problematic, even on freely draining soils.

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T he purpose of this article is to estimate the present and future quantitative effects of the events of September 11, 2001, on hotel market values. The hospitality industry has yet to fully recover from that day. Flight schedules were cut back, travel decreased dramatically, and hotel business volume fell sharply. In response-prompted by occupancy levels that were initially well below the breakeven levels-hotel owners and managers quickly moved to a price-driven marketing strategy and offered dramatic discounts to attract patrons. 1 The magnitude of the discounts and their relatively easy availability through internet sources actually accomplished what hoteliers had in mind. The discounts created some -One Year after 9/11 -Hotel Values and Strategic Implications demand from leisure travelers who were encouraged to take advantage of the "great deals." Initially, the expectation was that this strategy would be short term, until business travel resumed.However, as the months passed after September 11, it became clear that the problems affecting the lodging industry were not solely the result of 9/11, and it became equally clear that the drop in business travel would be longer lived than initially expected. In fact, economists concluded that the country had been in a recession since March 2001. 2 This unwelcome news was not much of a surprise to owners and operators responsible for properties in major urban areas. These Hotel values are down, but owners are not out. Patient owners can wait out the current slump, while motivated sellers can work with willing buyers.