No abstract

BACKGROUNDSurgical removal of eyeball is not very uncommon. It is done for different indications like tumours, inflammations, injury, etc. Some of these excisions were inevitable, but many are having modifiable courses. Such cases should be identified and the necessary measures taken to prevent the unnecessary eye loss.This study verifies the cases of surgical removal of eyes and find out how many of them are really inevitable.

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity from cancer. The risk group ranges from 69-79 years and the mean age being 62 years. Studies have shown that the percentage of patients under 50 years of age has increased to approximately 12 %. Colorectal carcinoma in young is usually located in the distal colon and is associated with aggressive behaviour, diagnosed at an advanced stage or maybe part of one of the hereditary colorectal syndrome. 12 - 15 % of carcinomas develop through microsatellite instability and 2 - 5 % are hereditary. Tumours with microsatellite instability are recognised by the absence of immunohistochemical staining for mismatch repair proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS 1, and PMS 2) which is associated with Lynch syndrome. It is important to recognise tumours with MSI because of implications for genetic counselling, increased risk of secondary malignancy of colon or other organs, and in some settings, differences in prognosis and management. The study was intended to assess and compare the clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal carcinoma in adults above and below 50 years and also study the expression of MLH1 for demonstration of microsatellite instability in colorectal carcinoma. METHODS It was a retrospective study carried out in the Department of Radiodiagnosis, at Justice K. S. Hegde Charitable Hospital, from March 2020 to March 2021 after receiving ethical clearance from the institutional ethical committee. The study included a total of 90 patients. Patients were categorized into three different age groups, 18 - 25 years, 26 - 40 years and 41 - 55 years of age. RESULTS Clinicopathological features of 61 cases were studied and the mean age was 61 years. Most cases were left-sided cancer with moderately differentiated classical adenocarcinoma being the most common histopathological subtype. Individuals less than 50 years presented with adenocarcinoma with mucinous and signet ring cell morphology and with poor differentiation. 67.2 % had no lymphovascular invasion. The majority of the cases were positive for MLH1. The cases which showed negativity for MLH1 were cases with mucinous differentiation or signet ring cell type and were predominantly moderate to poorly differentiated and this relation was found to be significant. CONCLUSION The study concludes that the majority of CRC occurred in individuals between 61 - 70 years of age, they were left-sided moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas with stage IIB disease, most were negative for lymphovascular invasion and tumour infiltrating lymphocytes. Younger patients had a higher percentage of mucinous and signet-ring cell histology. 78.7 % were positive for MLH1. KEY WORDS Colorectal carcinoma, MLH1, Microsatellite instability

BACKGROUND Ovarian carcinoma is one of the most lethal malignancies. Their histogenesis and complex pathogenesis remain largely unknown in spite of the many studies and research carried out in the field. The receptors for female sex hormones are implicated in the pathogenesis of ovarian tumours in many studies. This concept points out the necessity of developing a highly affected targeted therapy, which requires a proper understanding of the pathogenesis of the tumours. This study was done to evaluate the expression of these receptors on the primary epithelial tumours of the ovary and explore the possible correlation with clinical and pathological features. METHODS A hundred cases of primary epithelial tumours of the ovary were selected; tissue samples were taken from appropriate areas and processed. Tissues were cut into sections of three to five-micron thickness. Sections from the tissues were stained and examined. Once the histological type was clear, the receptor expression was assessed with immunohistochemistry markers. RESULTS Among the hundred tumours studied, serous tumours were the commonest, accounting for 65 % followed by mucinous tumours which constituted 34 %. Clear cell tumours accounted for 1 %. Endometrioid and transitional cell tumours were still rarer. Among these, oestrogen receptor (ER) was expressed in 78.5 % of serous tumours and progesterone receptor (PR) was expressed in 64.6 % of serous tumours. CONCLUSIONS Serous tumours were seen to show maximum expression of the hormone receptors among the surface tumours of ovaries. Furthermore, the expression of the receptors was more consistently seen in high-grade tumours. This finding may be of help in designing personalized hormone therapy in epithelial tumours. KEY WORDS Surface Epithelial Tumours, Receptors, ER, PR.