This study was conducted to investigate the influenced of four levels of dietary crude fibers (CF) on egg yolk cholesterol, productive and physiological performance of laying hens under drinking natural saline water (2000 ppm total dissolved solids). A total number of 120 White Leghorn layers from 44 to 56 weeks of age randomly divided into four equal groups (30 hens of each). Four levels of CF (3, 4, 5 and 6 %) as substitution of alfalfa meal. The treatments were tested for 12 weeks. The results showed that under condition of drinking natural saline water (2000 ppm total dissolved solids), feeding laying hens control diet which contained 3 % crude fiber had (P<0.05) highest egg number, egg mass and feed consumption (g/day) (17.97, 30.99 g and 67.80 g, respectively) compared with other three groups which recorded no significant differences among each other's. Hens fed the highest-fiber diet (6 %) laid eggs with greatest shell, albumin and yolk weights % (4.53, 58.00 and 36.19, respectively) compared with other experimental groups. Feeding hens diet contained higher crude fiber level above 3 % had higher (P<0.05) values of albumen height (mm) and shape index values with no significant differences in yolk index (%) and Haugh units. There were a gradual (P<0.05) decrease in digestion coefficients of DM, OM, CP, ash, CF, NFE and EE with increasing crude fiber levels in hens diets; while, there were no significant differences in digestibility of fiber fractions (NDF, ADF and hemicelluloses). Water intake (ml/ bird/day) and water/feed intake increased (P<0.05) with increasing crude fiber levels. So, hens fed 6 % CF consume more water being 236.00 ml/bird/day and 3.45 ml/g feed intake. Inclusion of graded levels of CF in laying hen diets tended to decrease (P<0.05) concentrations of total lipids, triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in egg yolk. Hens fed diet contained 6 % CF decreased the egg yolk concentrations of the same respective parameters by 25.10, 22.22, 26.61, 22.38, 19.51 and 23.33 %, respectively compared to the control group. There were a significant decrease in serum total lipids (g/dl), cholesterols (mg/dl), triglyceride (mg/dl) and HDL values with increasing CF levels; however, AST and ALT activity was within a normal physiological range. Gizzard (%), edible giblets (%), digestive tract weight and digestive tract length had significantly increased with increasing dietary CF level; while, there were non-significant increases in carcass, liver and heart (%). The best value for economic efficiency and relative economic efficiency (117 %) had been recorded by hens fed diet contained 6 % CF as compared with the control (3 % CF). It was concluded that, we can used crude fiber by up to 6 % in laying hens diets (44 to 56 weeks of age) reared under drinking natural saline to achieve acceptable productive and physiological performance and reduce the egg yolk cholesterol.

Objectives: Evaluation of the relation between plasma lipoprotein(a) (LPA) and serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels estimated in blood samples (S1 sample) obtained at the 6th gestational week (GW; T1 time) and the development of preeclampsia (PE) as judged by blood pressure measures at the time of diagnosis of PE (T2 time). Patients and Methods: 140 newly pregnant women gave S1 sample at T1 time; during pregnancy 19 women developed early-onset PE (EOPE) and 51 women developed late-onset PE (LOPE); 16 women developed severe PE (SPE) and 54 women developed mild PE (MPE), while 70 women were normotensive (NT) till the end of pregnancy. At T2 time, all patients gave S2 sample for ELISA estimation of plasma LPA and serum TNF-α level in both samples. Results: Serum TNF-α and plasma LPA levels were significantly higher in all S2 than S1 samples, in both samples of PE than NT women, and in both samples of women who developed EOPE and/or SPE than in samples of women who developed LOPE and/or MPE, respectively. Regression analysis of T1 data defined high body mass index; BMI (β=0.162, P=0.028), high S1 levels of TNF-α (β=0.424, P<0.001), and LPA (β=0.314, P<0.001) as predictors for development of PE as judged by SBP measures at T2 time. Correlation analysis showed a positive significant (P<0.001) correlation between at-T2-SBP measures with at-T1 BMI and S1 levels of TNF-α and LPA with a positive significant correlation between levels of both variables and with at-T1 BMI. Conclusion: High serum levels of TNF-α and plasma LPA levels early in pregnancy could predict the development of PE and its severity.

On the other hand, bucks of G2 exhibited a decrease (P<0.05) in ejaculate volume (29.3 %) as compared to the bucks of T3. Sperm concentration, total sperm output, total motile sperm and semen quality were significantly decreased in the bucks of G2 as compared to the bucks of G1. Sperm motility was decreased (P<0.05) in the bucks of G2 as compared to other groups. Also, bucks of G2 showed significantly increased in dead spermatozoa, sperm abnormalities and hydrogen ion (pH) as compared to other two treatments. Bucks drank saline water (G2) had significant increase in reaction time as compared to the bucks of G1 and G3. However, bucks of G2 had insignificantly decreased testosterone hormone by 36.9 and 32.5 % as compared to the bucks of G1 and G3, respectively. Conclusively, applying alternating water system as a biostimulation method could eliminate the drastic effects of continuous drinking saline well water on reproductive performance of rabbits under new reclaimed lands.

The objective of this investigation was to study the productive performance of laying hens fed on diets treated with Nano-Selenium at various levels under hot desert conditions. One hundred and fifty 21-weeks-old purpose breeding hens of ISA White strain were distributed randomly into five treatments groups of 30 females. Each group was divided into 3 replicate (10 hens of each) the 1 st group was fed a basal diet without additives (control). The 2 nd , 3 rd , and 4 th groups were fed the same basal diet supplemented with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.30 mg Nano-Se/kg diet. The 5 th group was fed the same basal diet supplemented with 0.3 mg organic-Se/ kg diet (selenomethionine), respectively. Feed and water were provided ad-libitum throughout the experimental period (21-34 weeks of age). Artificial light was used beside the normal day light to provide 16 hour/ day photo period. The results showed that egg number, egg weight, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly (P≤0.05) improved by nano-se supplementation compared with hens fed the control diet. The best improvement in feed conversion noticed with birds which received 0.3 mg/ kg diet nano-se. Body weight did not induce any significant differences among treatments. Showed the shell thickness, Egg width, Y Width, and YH had significantly increased (P≤0.05) by supplementation of source Se compared the control. On the other hand, shell weight and shell % insignificantly differences in the hen's supplementation of source se compared the control. Also, albumen weight, albumen height, and yolk weight, egg index and egg weight were insignificantly differences in the hens as compared to the control.In conclusion, under hot desert conditions, hens fed nano-selenium at a level of 0.2 mg nano-se/ kg diet might alleviate the drastic effect of heat stress and it's positively reflected on productive performance, and egg quality, economical efficiency and relative economical efficiency.

The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of flea-infested ruminants in Egypt's Northern West Coast (NWC) and South Sinai Governorate (SSG), besides the molecular characterization and genotypes of Nematode and Trematode in the identified flea species. In total, 765 animals of both sexes and ages (471 from NWC and 294 from SSG) were examined for flea infestation, including 460 sheep and 305 goats. Microscopically, flea species were identified; while nematodes and trematodes were identified using sequence analysis of purified PCR fragments of the small subunits 18S of nuclear ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) and the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA (ITS2) gene primers. The results revealed that the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, and the dog flea, Ctenocephalides canis, were widely distributed in sheep and goat flocks throughout the corresponding areas. While age, sex, and host had no significant differences (P > 0.5), the location, flea species, and season of flea collection all had an impact on the predominance of the two flea species. Additionally, there were significant differences between C. felis and C. canis infestations in the two areas, and only among the sexes of both flea species in the NWC. Molecular data confirmed one trematode (Fasciola hepatica) in both C. felis and C. canis, whereas two nematode species were identified: Haemonchus contortus only in sheep in both areas and Trichostrongylus colubriformis only in C. canis infesting goats in SSG. Sequenced isolates were assigned in the GenBank database under accession numbers ON123999, ON123994, ON123995, and ON123993 (F. hepatica), ON113484, ON113485, and ON113486 (H. contortus), and ON113498 (T. colubriformis). We conclude that the presence of those pathogens in fleas in the two areas required special attention to periodic flea control programmes and anthelmintic treatments, as well as further evaluation of the epidemiology and role of fleas.