Design procedure of a high gain dual-band printed monopole antenna, resonating at 2.4 GHz and 5.5 GHz, is presented. The proposed design meets the specifications required by WI-FI, WIMAX and radio frequency identification (RFID) reader applications. Our design utilizes Rogers RT/Duroid 5880(tm) substrate, and the major radiation element is an annular circular patch shape. The design was improved by adding a face-to-face fork shape metal inside the annular circular patch. The antenna feed consists of a microstrip line and a slotted transformer section for matching purpose. A prototype of the proposed antenna was fabricated and the measurements of the return loss and antenna radiation pattern were performed. The comparison between the results obtained from the simulation and the measurements showed an excellent agreement.

Despite the social and economic contributions of the construction industry towards achieving sustainable development objectives, it has an adverse effect on the environment such as the generation of waste, water, and energy consumption. Construction waste (CW) is the loss of materials that are produced during or after the construction process and has no remaining value. Several countries promote waste elimination plans at early stages to reduce CW at its source. The Egyptian government is expanding its investments in new mega projects and infrastructure facilities like new administrative capital, bridges, roads, energy projects which resulted in increasing the rate and amount of generated CW. The literature review stated that 33% of CW generated in the primary design stage is the result of design flaws such as design errors and lack of waste management strategies used during the design process. Accordingly, this research aims to investigate the factors influencing CW generation during the design process. To achieve this aim, the development of proper research methodology took place, where it consisted of qualitative analysis of previously published literature and examining case studies to accomplish two objectives. Firstly, an investigation of previous literature focused on studying the design process, CW, and the global and national waste management strategies. Secondly, three case studies were introduced and analysed to study the role of design out waste strategies towards reducing CW during the design process.