Polymers are currently of interest as drug delivery systems. The use of polymeric forms of medicinal substances will eliminate or reduce the disadvantages of traditional drugs. The purpose of this work was to assess the ability to prolong the action of polyvinyl alcohol in relation to the drug release when going from dilute to more concentrated solutions. It was established that an increase in the viscosity of the polymer in solution caused by an increase in its concentration results not only in a slowdown in the diffusion of drugs from the polymer solution, but also in a significant decrease in the amount of drugs firmly fixed on the polymer matrix. Since it is the adduct of the polyvinyl alcohol-drug interaction that provides the slow release of the drug from the polymer solution, a decrease in its amount leads to the fact that no enhancement of the prolonging action is observed. It is claimed that when moving from solutions to polymer films, the rate of drug release is also determined by the structure of the polymer matrix. The lower the density of the polymer film, the greater the diffusion coefficient of the drug release from the film. Thus, in the course of evaluating the ability to prolong the action of polyvinyl alcohol, it was shown that using some prolongation techniques, it is possible to achieve targeted regulation of the rate of drug release from polymer dosage forms.

The experimental evaluation of structure formation in solutions of individual polymers, as well as in their mixtures with other polymers in order to predict the properties of materials obtained on their basis was the aim of this work. We used chitosan, sodium salt of chitosan succinyl, sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose, and polyvinyl alcohol. Distilled water, 1 % acetic acid, and buffer systems based on acetic acid and sodium acetate with pH = 3.80, 4.25, and 4.75 were used as solvents. It was found that the type of aggregates formed in polymer mixtures is determined by the nature of the solvent and the concentration of the polymers in the initial solution. A correlation has been shown between the nature of aggregates formed in solutions and some physicochemical properties of film materials obtained from solutions, namely, the degree of enzymatic hydrolysis, as well as the rate and degree of water vapor sorption by film materials. Thus, the studies carried out show that by varying the nature of the solvent, the concentration and nature of the polymers in the initial solutions, it is possible to control the structure formation in mixed polymer solutions, and, therefore, the properties of the resulting composites.

No abstract

The article deals with the phenomenon of online shaming, which is one of the conflict types in the Internet communication due to its anonymity. The aim of the research is to study the specifics of this phenomenon presented in the comments of Internet communicators, considered by the authors of the article as a kind of “countertext”, the latter being the reaction of addressees to a particular stimulus text. The object of this study is the Internet texts of news channels in the Telegram-the cross-platform instant messaging system. The subject of the study is the comments to Internet texts generated by the recipients of these texts, i.e., the participants of the Internet communication. The analysis of Internet comments is carried out using the method of “counter-text” by A.I. Novikov, which makes it possible to identify general and individual mechanisms and strategies for the processes of understanding and interpreting the texts of Telegram channels, realized in written statements – comments produced by real participants of Internet communication. There are three groups of commentators who use the discriminatory practice of shaming against opponents. The results of the analysis confirm the assumption about the features of the Internet text being one of the most conflict-prone types of modern text. Communicative contacts that can lead to conflict in Internet communication and beyond are identified and described. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the Internet communicators’ comments based on the “counter-text” method reveals the most frequent reactions that underlie shaming comments, such as evaluative opinion, emotional assessment, orientation, forecast, reflecting not only the state of individual linguistic consciousness of individual communicators, but also the specifics of the collective verbal consciousness of the society during the covid pandemic and the post-covid period reflecting the spiritual health of society and its problems.

В статье рассматривается проблема манипулятивного речевого воздействия на адресата посредством медиатекста. Предпринимается попытка разграничить понятия речевого воздействия и речевого манипулирования. Рассматриваются комбинации стратегий и приемов, обладающих возможностью усиления воздействующего потенциала медиатекста. Процесс манипуляции с точки зрения масс-медийного дискурса рассматривается как формирование в сознании адресата образа действительности, созданной адресантом. Подчеркивается целенаправленный и умышленный характер внушения, реализуемый средствами массовой информации. Отмечается, что интернет-среда формирует потенциальные возможности для психологического и вербального воздействия.