The article is devoted to the capital of the United Kingdom. The description is based on a comparison of information about London in the past and modern London. It helps you to see the history of the capital of the United Kingdom in dynamics, assess the scale of changes and understand the reason for these changes. Modern London plays a significant role in the political, economic and cultural life of the country. Geographically the city, which is now a metropolis, is located on the River Thames in the south-eastern part of the island of Great Britain. All the famous parts of the city – the City, the West End, the East End, Westminster are quite old and historically significant and interesting. The authors trace the history of the city since its foundation, separately considering the informative names of London streets, its historical parts – the Town, many boroughs, the Tower and Hamlet.

The article is devoted to Scotland, describes its geographical location, and also gives the most general information on the modern large cities and other settlements of Scotland as well as their most famous attractions. A brief overview of the history of Scotland, presented after a modern description of the country, gives the best idea on the creating the Scots as a nation and their national character and their national language. Some characteristic features of education, music and musical instruments, and clothing are also described in the article. The linguistic aspect explores toponyms, i.e. the major cities in Scotland, its capital Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Perth, a small but famous historical city, on the information from the dictionaries of the English language of the 18th century. The analysis of the linguistic material indicates a close connection between the language, history and culture of the nation.