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Nonlinear von Karman plate theory was used for a consistent analysis of pressurized circular, island and peninsula blister specimens. The configurations that were considered ranged from linear plates to membranes. Inteffacial energy release rates and fracture mode-mixes were extracted from the solutions. For a given pressure and all possible materials and delamination length to thickness (aspect, a/h) ratios, the peninsula blister provided the highest energy release rate, followed by the island and circular blisters. The extent of yielding in delaminating copper films with a range of thicknesses and an interfacial toughness of 100 J/m 2 was then examined. It was found that all configurations of the circular blister suffered from large scale yielding. The stress levels in the island blister were notably lower, especially for a/h = 10, where yielding only occurred over about 10 percent of the delaminating copper layer. While extensive yielding was still present in peninsula blister configurations with a/h = 100 and 500, there was none for a/h = 10. A scheme for extending the utility of blister specimens to higher aspect ratios was suggested and analyzed.

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Background:Automatic vehicle location (AVL) refers to a system that calculates the geographical location of any vehicle, i.e., latitude and longitude. Vehicle location information about one or more moving vehicles can be stored in the internal memory and accessed when vehicles are available (offline tracking). It is also possible to get location information on a real-time basis (online tracking). The real-time tracking systems designed to date may incorporate three devices: global positioning system (GPS), geographic information system, and cellular communication platforms that may be either a general packet radio service (GPRS) or any private and local radiofrequency network.Methods:The GPS-based navigation system has been designed so as to allow for user-friendly real-time tracking applications for any emergency vehicles like ambulances. First, GPS coordinates are obtained from the SIM908 module and sent via to a server transmission control protocol/internet protocol. Server codes, which are written in C#, load Google map to show real-time location.Results:We designed online tracking AVL hardware in the two simple and advanced versions. The latter enables both the ambulance driver and the data center to monitor path real-time besides enabling the vehicle driver to receive and make calls and send or receive messages. The former only sends latitude and longitude to the data server continuously, and the path travelled by vehicle is displayed.Conclusion:SIM908 integrates GSM, GPRS, and GPS in one package. It can be a proper choice for real-time economic tracking systems despite its low accuracy in finding geolocations.