Fragile X Syndrome (FraX) is the most common inherited cause of learning disability worldwide. FraX is an X-linked neuro-developmental disorder involving an unstable trinucleotide repeat expansion of cytosine guanine guanine (CGG). Individuals with the full mutation of FraX have >200 GG repeats with premutation carriers having 55-200 GG repeats. A wide spectrum of physical, behavioural, cognitive, psychiatric and medical problems have been associated with both full mutation and premutation carriers of FraX. In this review, we detail the clinical profile and examine the aetiology, epidemiology, neuropathology, neuroimaging findings and possible management strategies for individuals with both the full mutation and premutation of FraX.

Objectives: Clozapine is the most effective treatment available for treatment-resistant schizophrenia; however, it is also associated with a large array of adverse effects that limits its tolerability. A number of previous case reports have noted an association between clozapine and stuttering, however the rate of this possible adverse effect is yet to be established. Methods: In this paper, we present six cases of patients treated with clozapine who developed stuttering. Results: Clozapine was associated with stuttering in 0.92% of individuals treated with clozapine in the region. Clozapine-induced stuttering was associated with an increase in treatment dose or with dose titration at initiation of clozapine in five individuals, with dose reduction or slower dose titration associated with a cessation of stuttering in these cases. Conclusions: This is the largest case series to date examining clozapine-induced stuttering and indicates that clozapine-induced stuttering is a relatively common adverse effect that can be managed by a slower titration of clozapine dosage or a modest reduction in dose in most cases.

Objectives. To evaluate if n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and lipid levels are associated with episodes of self-harm or depression over a 10-year period.Methods. We included 40 individuals who self-harmed and 40 controls. Episodes of self-harm and depression were ascertained and levels of depression, impulsivity, suicidal ideation and plasma lipid levels measured at baseline and at 10-year follow-up.Results. Further episode(s) of self-harm occurred in 26% of cases. Omega-3 PUFAs or lipids were not predictive of depressive or self-harm episodes. Baseline eicosapentaenoic acid levels were modestly correlated with suicidal ideation at follow-up and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid were modestly correlated with motor impulsivity at follow-up in cases.Conclusions. Despite significant negative correlations at baseline between plasma lipids, n-3 PUFAs and psychopathology, these levels were not predictive of clinical outcome over a 10-year period. Further research however is required due to the relatively low sample size and the risk of selection bias due to loss to follow-up in this study.