Increasing diagnosis and deaths caused by colorectal cancer (CRC) warrant closer examination of affected patients and focus on management of CRC in Portugal. In order to assess the extent and quality of the information available in Portugal, we first analyse Portuguese cancer registries and then the management of CRC by discussing the diagnostic process and medical care provided, especially pharmaceuticals. Other cancer indications are mentioned in order to illustrate current approaches of cancer in Portugal. Current national data on cancer patients are scarce and there are divergencies in methods of data collection and treatment amongst regional cancer registries. However, the available data is sufficient enough to understand the dimension of CRC, with age-standardised incidence of 37 per 100,000 and mortality of 31 per 100,000 annually. An ongoing project is restructuring health services to improve efficiency and quality, however, some problems exist. The regional inequity of access to health care facilities and long waiting times for diagnostic examinations and surgery are major examples. Despite the non-availability of clinical guidelines, a pilot screening programme started at the beginning of 2009 in the Centre Region of the country. It is hoped that this overview will provide the basis for discussion on improvements in CRC management in Portugal and lead to better outcomes.

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The use of GClb for previously untreated CLL patients who are unsuitable for full-dose fludarabine-based therapy incurs an incremental cost per QALY that is generally accepted in Portugal. Therefore, although there is some uncertainty, obinutuzumab is probably a cost-effective therapy in the Portuguese setting.

Background: Cow’s milk protein allergy is very common in early childhood. Extensively hydrolyzed formulas are recommended in the first-line management of cow’s milk protein allergy in non-breastfed children. Choice of formulas should be informed by efficacy and cost data. Objectives: This study aims to compare the cost-effectiveness of extensively hydrolyzed casein formula with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Gorbach Goldin (EHCF+LGG), extensively hydrolyzed whey formula (EHWF), amino acid formula, and soy formula in the first-line management of cow’s milk protein allergy in non-breastfed children in Indonesia. Methods: A trial-based decision analytic cohort model was adapted to simulate the occurrence of cow’s milk protein allergy symptoms or being symptom free. The model was based on a prospective nonrandomized study that followed up children for 36 months. Costs and health consequences were discounted at 3% annually. Resources required to manage cow’s milk protein allergy and unit costs for clinical appointments and exams were based on a panel of 15 clinicians, from a private payers’ perspective. Other unit costs were based on publicly available national data. Results were reported as cost per additional child free from allergic manifestations or per additional immunotolerant child at 3 years, and per life-years under the same conditions. Uncertainty was assessed using deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Results: Children receiving EHCF+LGG were associated with more symptom-free time, a higher probability of cow’s milk tolerance at 3 years, and lower healthcare resources and transportation use when compared with children receiving other formulas (with 38%-49% lower costs). Formula costs were lower for soy, but EHCF+LGG was predicted to save 9% and 54% of overall costs compared with extensively hydrolyzed whey formula and amino acid formula, respectively. Results were robust to sensitivity analyses. Conclusion: Use of EHCF+LGG resulted in more symptom-free time and the highest 3-year probability of cow’s milk tolerance. It also led to healthcare resource and transportation savings when compared with other hypoallergenic milk formulas. Soy formula remained an alternative if formula price represents a major constraint.