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This paper was produced as part of the research programme of Young Lives, an international study of childhood poverty, following the lives of 12,000 children in four countries (Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam) over 15 years (www.younglives.org.uk). Young Lives is funded from 2001 to 2017 by UK aid from the Department for International Development (DFID), and co-funded by the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 2010 to 2014. The views expressed are those of the authors, and are not necessarily those of, or endorsed by, Young Lives, the University of Oxford, DFID or other funders. A fuller version of this paper including tables is available on the Young Lives Ethiopia web-site www.young-lives-Ethiopia.org.