Better fi eld operations are performed result in lower weed contamination of crops, which means less chemical protection is required. This makes a positive eff ect on soil fertility, crop quality and the ecological situation in general. (Research purpose) To study weed circulation in mechanized farm technologies for cereal production and propose ways of reducing the weed content at all stages of cultivation, taking into account the favorable environmental response of the agricultural background. (Materials and methods) The authors have revealed the fundamental criteria for the implementation of fi eld operations based on a multifactorial model of crop cultivation: reduction of the weed content, reduction of soil compaction sites and re-processing, and environmenta response. They have demonstrated weed circulation in traditional cereal production technologies, identifi ed the development dynamics of weeds and their distribution in the agricultural background. (Results and discussion) The authors controlled weed seeds on spring wheat fi elds under production conditions during the harvest seasons of 2016 and 2017. They experimentally found an increased content of miliary weed seeds in the selected threshing products, the mass of which ranged from 5 to 16 grams per m2. The share of weed seeds in grain hopper amounted to 2.9 percent. It was revealed that weed seeds isolated by a combine remain viable after autumn tillage. Transverse tillage increases the area of contamination in 2 times or more. The authors propose a comprehensive system of weed control at all stages of fi eld operations, taking into account the environmental response of the agricultural background. It is shown that the separation and destruction of weed seeds at the harvest stage is of particular importance. The authors present technical and technological solutions to reduce weeds and ensure a favorable ecological situation. (Conclusions) The authors have designed a comprehensive system to reduce weed contamination, thus reducing the overall impact of plant protection remedies by 30 percent.

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Реферат. Изучены принципы формирования засоренности полей, выявлены основные места появления источников засоренности и ее влияние на энергетические и финансовые затраты при возделывании сельскохозяйственных культур. Обоснованы принципы и технические средства для борьбы с сорняками для уменьшения нагрузки на агроценоз от химических средств защиты растений с учетом экологического отклика почвы. Обосновано, что утилизация сорняков вместе с их корневой системой и семенами при почвообработке и посеве минимизирует количество вносимых ядохимикатов для защиты растений, тем самым снижает нагрузку на агроценоз, а в дополнении со сбором и утилизацией семян сорняков при уборке создает благоприятную обстановку в агроценозе на следующий сезон.

It is possible to increase the efficiency of crop cultivation technology through the using of multifunctional equipment for soil cultivation. The analysis of tillage equipment showed that the development of a multi-functional tillage unit capable of performing the main tillage with weed removal and a set of operations for pre-sowing tillage is relevant. To quickly adapt the soil cultivating unit to changing operating conditions, the method has been developed for regulating the angle of attack of the combing machine, the width of the capture unit and the angle of entry of the working body into the substrate [1]. A method for calculating the fatigue life of the working body of a tillage unit is proposed.

In this paper, we consider the use of the polarization-optical method for assessing the stress-strain state of films of polymeric material in the restored tribomechanical system “bearing ring - housing” and the dependences for determining the magnitude of the principal stresses are proposed. When studying the stress-strain state, compounds with a diameter of the contact surface of 40 mm from an optically sensitive material imitating an adhesive layer were used as models. The photoelasticity method showed that the maximum stresses occurred on the axis of symmetry of the model, and the contact arc was 180 degrees. A qualitative picture of the strips indicates the identity of the stress-strain state of the adhesive joint model both for the uniform gap model and for the eccentricity models.