Continuous fermentation by a highly flocculant strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was carried out in a tower fluidized-bed bioreactor. The synthetic and molasses media with a total sugar concentration of 17% (w/v) were used for fermentation. Different dilution rates were tested. Stable cell densities of 50 kg m-3 (dry weight) were maintained for all dilution rates. The ethanol productivity was increasing linearly with dilution rates up to 15-20 kg m-3 h-1. Aeration of the culture stabilized flocculating activity and viability of yeast and also permitted long-term operation of the bioreactor.
Oznaczenia składu grupowego olejów bazowych W artykule przedstawiono wyniki pracy poświęconej korelacji wyników oznaczania składu węglowodorowego wybranych próbek olejów bazowych wykonanego metodami znormalizowanymi, według PN-72/C-04025, ASTM D 2007-11 oraz procedury opisanej w Załączniku A do działu 27 Not wyjaśniających do Nomenklatury Scalonej Unii Europejskiej. Wydzielone frakcje węglowodorowe poddano analizie technikami chromatografii gazowej oraz spektrometrii w podczerwieni (FT-IR) w celu oszacowania różnic ich składu. Przedstawiono także wpływ przykładowego komponentu syntetycznego-PAO-4 na przebieg oznaczania składu węglowodorowego. Słowa kluczowe: skład węglowodorowy, oleje bazowe, polialfaolefiny. Determination of the hydrocarbons group in base oils The article presents the results of work on the correlation of the results determining the hydrocarbon composition of selected samples of base oils done by methods PN-72/C-04025, Appendix A to Chapter 27 of the Explanatory Notes of the Combined Nomenclature and by ASTM D 2007-11. The separated hydrocarbon fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography and infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) techniques to estimate the differences in their composition. The influence of an exemplary synthetic component-PAO-4 on the course of hydrocarbon composition determination is also presented.
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