Aqueous extracts; Methanolic extracts Recently, there has been an increasing interest in ethnomedical and ethnoveterinary practices around the world, especially as they pertain to the use of medicinal plants in treating various ailments [11] and about 80% of the world population relies on plant origin drugs [12]. For acceptance of medicinal plants into scientific veterinary medicine, it is necessary that their effectiveness and safety be evaluated and confirmed through in vitro and in vivo testing [13]. P. vulgaris L. belonging to family Labiatae, is commonly known as self-heal and is locally known as 'Kalaveath' in Kashmir valley of India. The herb has tremendous medicinal importance and is a single traditional composite unani medicine of sore throat, common cold and head ache is without this herb [14]. The aqueous extract of this herb is recently used in clinical treatment of herpetic keratitis [15]. The herb has great medicinal value and is used as hypotensive, antibiotic, antiseptic, antirheumatic, antipyretic, antibacterial, antioxidant, diuretic and vermifuge [16,17]. Chemical analysis of P. vulgaris has shown that it is rich in Lupeol, stigma sterol, beta-sitosterol, pentacyclic triterpenoids and sterol glucosides being obtained from the unsaponifiable fraction from the leaves as saponifiable fraction gave lauric, stearic, palmitic, myristic, oleic and linoleic acids. The above-mentioned reports of medicinal uses of P. vulgaris accompanied with the claims of traditional healers for their anthelmintic activity [14,18] made the basis of designing this study for in vitro and in vivo scientific validation of these novel herbs in Kashmir, revealing their anthelmintic activity in combating nematode infections in sheep by local livestock owners and veterinarians. Materials and Methods All animal proceedings were approved by the Ethical Committee of University of Kashmir for animal research (Number: F (Ethical Com. Animal) KU/2012/419. Collection of plant materials The present plant material Prunella vulgaris (Local name Kalaveath) is frequently seen throughout the Kashmir valley in areas of high altitude-wastelands, agricultural lands and on open mountainous slopes, etc. The plant material was collected from Sonamerg area of district Ganderbal, Kashmir (34° 17' 04'' N, 75° 13' 46'' E Altitude 10068 ft) during June-August 2010. The mature plant at peak of flowering was collected in polythene bags and was processed by standard technique adopted by KASH (Kashmir University Herbarium). The plant was identified and authenticated by Plant Taxonomist Prof.
The study of drug metabolism is significant to establish the drug pro-file. The pharmacokinetics of the drug determines the concentrationof the drug in enumerable parts of the human body. In this paper, we develop a relationship between such processes of Pharmacokinetics with mathematical formulations using the tools from fractional calculus. As per the literature, for treating a type-II diabetes mellitus, Metformin is being used extensively. The Metformin metabolism encom-passes a large variety of metabolic processes in different parts of thebody. In the present study, we formulate and analyze a model of the Metformin kinetics taking into account a homogenous dimensionalityin Caputo sense. The Banach and Schauder fixed point theorems are employed to explore the uniqueness and existence results. The equilibrium point, asymptotic stability for the given parameters, and Lyapunov stable solutions are also discussed. Further, the Ulam’s type stabilityis explored for generalized model. Finally, the Adam-Bashful-Mouton(A-B-M) method in generalized form is used to validate the conclusions.
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