In this review, we highlighted the DNA markers and their applications in forensic medicine which included the study of genetic variation or polymorphism, markers for genetic variation, types of variation, diallelic polymorphisms (SNPs and Indels), haplotypes, autosomal short tandem repeat (STRs), Y-chromosome short tandem repeat (Y-STRs) and Y chromosome. This is a useful tool for tracing human evolution, analysis of Y-chromosomal microsatellite haplotypes in globally human populations, organization of the human mitochondrial genome, and mitochondrial coding region as a source for variability and interpretation of sequence data. The light has been focused and directed in this study to establish the basic forensic genetic information, knowledge, data and statistics which might be so ultimately helpful practically in forensic science and criminology and to let evaluate and present the DNA weight evidences in medico-legal institute and courts of law.

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This study evaluates the mitochondrial noncoding regions by using the Sanger sequencing method for application in Forensic Science. FTA® Technology (FTA™ paper DNA extraction) was utilized to extract DNA. Portion of coding region encompassing positions from (10,716 to 11,184) amplified in accordance with the Anderson reference sequence. PCR products purified by EZ-10 spin column were then sequenced and detected using the ABI 3730 × L DNA Analyzer. A new polymorphic positions 10,750 and 10,790 that are described may be suitable sources in future for identification purpose. The data obtained can be used to identify variable nucleotide positions characterized by frequent occurrence, most promising for identification variants.

Samples of 100 random healthy unrelated Iraqi male persons from the Arab ethnic group of Iraqi population were collected for mtDNA coding region sequencing by using the Sanger technique and to establish the degree of variation characteristic of a fragment. Portion of coding region encompassing positions 11,719-12,184 was amplified in accordance with the Anderson reference sequence. PCR products were purified by EZ-10 spin column then sequenced and detected by using the ABI 3130xL DNA Analyzer. This is to intend the detection of polymorphisms of mtDNA. Four new polymorphic positions 11,741, 11,756, 11,878, and 12,133 are described which may be suitable in the future to be the sources for human identification purpose in Iraq. The obtained data can be used to identify variable nucleotide positions characterized by frequent occurrence most promising for identification variants. The calculated value GD = 0.95 and RMP = 0.048 of the genetic diversity should be understood as high in the context of coding function of the analysed DNA fragment. The relatively high gene diversity and a relatively low random match probability were observed in this study.