plant extracts contain many active compounds, which are tremendously fruitful for plant defence against several insect pests. the prime objectives of the present study were to calculate the extraction yield and to evaluate the leaf extracts of Citrullus colocynthis (L.), Cannabis indica (L.) and Artemisia argyi (L.) against Brevicoryne brassicae and to conduct biochemical analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Gc-MS). the results suggested that when using ethanol, C. colocynthis produced a high dry yield (12.45%), followed by that of C. indica and A. argyi, which were 12.37% and 10.95%, respectively. The toxicity results showed that A. argyi was toxic to B. brassicae with an Lc 50 of 3.91 mg mL −1 , followed by the toxicity of C. colocynthis and C. indica, exhibiting Lc 50 values of 6.26 and 10.04 mg mL −1 , respectively, which were obtained via a residual assay; with a contact assay, the Lc 50 values of C. colocynthis, C. indica and A. argyi were 0.22 mg mL −1 , 1.96 and 2.87 mg mL −1 , respectively. the interaction of plant extracts, concentration and time revealed that the maximum mortality based on a concentration of 20 mg L −1 was 55.50%, the time-based mortality was 55% at 72 h of exposure, and the treatment-based mortality was 44.13% for A. argyi via the residual assay. on the other hand, the maximum concentration-based mortality was 74.44% at 20 mg mL −1 , the time-based mortality was 66.38% after 72 h of exposure, and 57.30% treatment-based mortality was afforded by A. argyi via the contact assay. the biochemical analysis presented ten constituents in both the A. argyi and C. colocynthis extracts and twenty in that of C. indica, corresponding to 99.80%, 99.99% and 97% of the total extracts, respectively. Moreover, the detected caryophylleneonides (sesquiterpenes), α-bisabolol and dronabinol (Δ 9-tHc) from C. indica and erucylamide and octasiloxane hexamethyl from C. colocynthis exhibited insecticidal properties, which might be responsible for aphid mortality. However, A. argyi was evaluated for the first time against B. brassicae. It was concluded that all the plant extracts possessed significant insecticidal properties and could be introduced as botanical insecticides after field evaluations. The cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a serious pest native to Europe but now found globally 1,2 , and it causes significant losses to economically important crops, including broccoli, oilseed rape, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, black and white mustard, toria, Chinese cabbage, kale, and other field crops 1. It also causes yellowing, stunting, and plant wilting and acts as a vector of several viral diseases in crucifers, including cauliflower mosaic virus and turnip mosaic virus 3,4. In the case of severe infestation, plants become covered with aphids, resulting in leaf surfaces roofed with black mould due to honey secretion, which can ultimately cause

Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) is chief plant parasitic nematode of various crops globally. Meanwhile, the negative side effects on human health and environmental concerns associated with haphazard uses of chemical nematicides. Hence, the search for a safe and effective approach is more relevant. The present study was aimed to evaluate the nematicidal potential of Snef1216 (Penicillium chrysogenum) against M. incognita at different concentrations (5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and with the nutritious medium. The egg hatching inhibition and mortality of second stage juveniles of M. incognita were assessed after 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h exposure. Results revealed that egg hatching inhibition and percent mortality of M. incognita increased with increasing concentration and exposure time. The highest mortality of juveniles was recorded at 100% conc. i.e., 24.20%, 36%, 66%, 78% and 97.8% at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. The highest ovicidal activity was recorded at 100% concentration with 5.20% of eggs hatching. The outcome suggested that Snef1216 (P. chrysogenum) resulted in the lowest LC 50 value was recorded as 3718.496 at 6 h exposure period followed by 10479.87, 11186.682, 14838.58 and 24001.430 at 72, 12, 48 and 24 h respectively via ovicidal assay. Whereas, in the larvicidal assay, the lowest LC 50 value demonstrated at 72 h being 17.628% exposure period followed by 28.345, 50.490, 215.710 and 482.595% at 48, 24, 12 and 6 h respectively. It is concluded that Snef1216 has potential being used as a biocontrol agent against M. incognita and can serve as a source of a novel nematicidal agent of fungal origin. Plant parasitic nematodes cause severe losses to the variety of crops by affecting their growth and yield 1. They can easily damage the crops not only by feeding but also develop the association with other organisms possess a risk to agriculture globally with an estimated annual loss reached to 100-150 billion US dollars, more than half the losses only occurred by root-knot nematodes 2. Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are sedentary obligate endoparasitic in nature and are one of the major restraints in the production of economically important crops 3,4. Meloidogyne belongs to the one of the most damaging genus of root-knot nematodes owing to their polyphagous nature 5,6. However, four common species of this genus, i.e. Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, M. hapla and M. javanica have been reported as hazardous 7. Among these species, M. incognita is the most damaging due to its extensive host range, high reproduction rate, the capability to produce complicated diseases with other pathogens and short generation time 8. Plants are infested by root-knot nematodes showed the galls or knots on roots 9 which disrupt the uptake of water and mineral, resulting in wilting of the plant, chlorosis, reduced tillering, excessive root branching, immature fruit drop, drying of leaf and stunted growth 10-12. Its infection has the ability to reduce chlorophyll contents and alter numerous biochemical such as ami...

Sagittaria trifolia is a medicinal foodstuff of China and East Asia belonging to the family Alismataceae. Samples of S. trifolia tubers were collected from Meihekow, Siping, Jilin, Harbin and Wuchang from Northeast China. The current study was aimed to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative analysis, antioxidant activity, biochemical analysis and chemical composition of different populations of S. trifolia. By using Folin–Ciocalteu, aluminium chloride colourimetric and 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total phenol and flavonoids content and antioxidant activity was analysed. Furthermore, chemical composition, biochemical analysis and mineral substances were also determined. The results showed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, glycosides and steroids except for alkaloids and terpenoids by qualitative analysis. Quantitative analysis revealed that highest total phenol, flavonoids content and antioxidant potential identified from Meihekow, i.e., 2.307 mg GAE/g, 12.263 mg QE/g and 77.373%, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results showed the presence of 40 chemical compounds corresponding to 99.44% of total extract that might be responsible for antioxidant properties. Mineral and biochemical analysis revealed the presence of calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron, copper, zinc and, carbohydrate, protein, fibre and fat contents, respectively. Interestingly, all S. trifolia populations collected from different locations possess similar composition. The dietary values, phytoconstituents, antioxidant activities and nutritional and curative chemical compounds of S. trifolia are beneficial for the nutritherapy of human beings.

Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) has become a serious risk for cucumber globally. Haphazard use of synthetic chemicals poses a serious threat to agricultural crops, eliminating predators and also polluting natural community. Thus these negative effects led towards development of ecofriendly approaches which are safe and effective for M. incognita management. The study has been planned to coat seeds with Snef1216 (Penicillium chrysogenum) and evaluate its ability to control M. incognita in cucumber. It reduced M. incognita invasion rate significantly in different inoculums 500J2 (second stage juveniles) 67.09% followed by 1000J2 and 2000J2 plant -1 60.44% and 36.02%, respectively. It inhibited development of nematodes 60.30%, 50.37% and 38.77% at 500, 1000 and 2000J2 plant -1 inoculation levels respectively compared to control. Snef1216 reduced significant (P<0.05) reproduction rate at 500J2 (69.46%), 1000J2 (62.89%) and 2000J2 (63.62%) of M. incognita. It interfered in galls formation and nematodes g -1 in root mass. Snef1216 enhanced seed germination (22.09%) with germination index (53.77%) and germination rate (64.49%). Additionally, seed dressing with Snef1216 exhibited additional biomass, reduced invasion of second-stage juveniles and also restrained development of nematode. Our results suggest that Snef1216 can be introduced as a biomass enhancer and potential bio-control agent against M. incognita in cucumber.

Meloidogyne enterolobii, commonly known as guava root-knot nematode, poses risk due to its widespread distribution and extensive host range. This species is recognized as the most virulent root-knot nematode (RKN) species because it can emerge and breed in plants that have resistance to other tropical RKNs. They cause chlorosis, stunting, and yield reductions in host plants by producing many root galls. It is extremely challenging for farmers to diagnose due to the symptoms’ resemblance to nutritional inadequacies. This pathogen has recently been considered a significant worldwide threat to agricultural production. It is particularly challenging to diagnose a M. enterolobii due to the similarities between this species and other RKN species. Identified using traditional morphological and molecular techniques, which is a crucial first in integrated management. Chemical control, biological control, the adoption of resistant cultivars, and cultural control have all been developed and effectively utilized to combat root-knot nematodes in the past. The object of this study was to get about the geographical distribution, host plants, symptoms, identification, and control techniques of M. enterolobii and recommend future initiatives to progress its management.