No abstract

This investigation was conducted at Gemmeiza Agric. Res. Station, ARC, Egypt, during the period between 2014-2016, to study the effect of natural hybridization in transferring base tillering trait from multi-cut to mono -cut cultivars of Egyptian clover. Differences between the parental types Trifolium alexandrinum Fahl, Miskawi and their hybrid was determined by using morphological and Karyotypic analysis. The cultivar Fahl Giza 1 was used as a female parent, Miskawi Gemmeiza 1 as a male parent and the first generation (Miskawi Gemmeiza 1 x Fahl Giza 1) were used for further cytological examination the results appeared that, the hybrid plants were multicut similar to Miskawi as will as, branching was basal similar to Miskawi and apical similar to Fahl. The blooming period in Fahl, Miskawi and hybrid was 108.00, 137.55 and 131.15 day, respectively. The differences of the blooming period among the different genotypes were highly significant. Seed number per head was 51.60 for Fahl, 44.30 for Miskawi and 68.00 for hybrid although the weight of 100 seeds in Fahl, Miskawi and hybrid was 0.31, 0.27 and 0.30 gram, respectively. Fahl and Miskawi has the same chromosome number (2n = 16) and total length of all chromosomes of each type was almost equal to the other. The length of chromosome No. 1 in Fahl was larger than of Miskawi, while chromosome No. 3 in Miskawi was larger than that of Fahl. The chromosome ratio of the long arm to the short arm in Fahl and Miskawi show difference only between the corresponding chromosomes No. 1 and 4 in both cultivars. The chiasma frequency was less in hybrid plants than in both parents. It was 12.8, 12.6 and 11.4 in Fahl, Miskawi and hypbrid, respectively. The hybrid recored the hightest percentage of cells containing chromosomal aberration (14.36%). Significant differences were obtained chromosome area, chromosome length and mitotic index among the varieties.

The current study presented was established an expert system technology of alfalfa (ESTA) program contains two copies (language English and Arabic) in terms of computer programs designed to mimic the reasoning of human experts was established. These programs, are able to take into account the relative importance of different criteria to the user. These program are useful in varieties aginst biotic and abiotic stress. And expert system is able to search a computer database to select the varieties that appeared the best reflect this particular bias. The result of this search is a list of cultivars ranked as to how well they meet the user's request. It is designed to incorporate detailed information about alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) production regarding site, soil, machinery, management levels and yield information to simulate the annual costs and returns over the alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stand life. ESTA requires information from several domains of expertise such as agronomy, entomology, agricultural engineering and agricultural economy.ESTA is a form of artificial intelligence, may soon become an important management tool for agribusiness dealers, county agents, agricultural consultants and farmers. ESTA can make the specialized knowledge of an expert available to farmers when making critical management decisions. ESTA also can informs the user as to how the recommendation or conclusion was reached on the screen or on the print -out. ESTA modules procedures used by a forage expert in determining agro economic recommendations for successful establishment and production of alfalfa. With ESTA information is readily available to alfalfa producers for making management decisions relative to liming, fertilization, irrigation, drainage, weed control, longevity of stand, variety recommendations, method and rate of seeding. This study describes a microcomputer program called ESTA which is an expert system for alfalfa cultivar selection. ESTA is an expert system used as an educational tool for extension people and the alfalfa growers.