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In recent decades, climate change and a shortage of resources have brought about the need for technology in agriculture. Farmers have been forced to use information and innovation in communication in order to enhance production efficiency and crop resilience. Systems engineering and information infrastructure based on the Internet of Things (IoT) are the main novel approaches that have generated growing interest. In agriculture, IoT solutions according to the challenges for Industry 4.0 can be applied to greenhouses. Greenhouses are protected environments in which best plant growth can be achieved. IoT for smart greenhouses relates to sensors, devices, and information and communication infrastructure for real-time monitoring and data collection and processing, in order to efficiently control indoor parameters such as exposure to light, ventilation, humidity, temperature, and carbon dioxide level. This paper presents the current state of the art in the IoT-based applications to smart greenhouses, underlining benefits and opportunities of this technology in the agriculture environment.

The accident probability estimation and the consequence analysis are based on statistical data about oil spill accident occurrence in the Mediterranean area, on the probability of different release sizes, and on the joint probability of wind speed and directions. The risk model and its evaluation have been assessed for the Mediterranean littoral considering the time required by the oil slick to hit the coast in specific sensible target points assuming that an oil release accident potentially occurred in an accident sites located along the ship routes. This approach has been applied on the area of the Strait of Gibraltar, which supports a significant volume of maritime traffic because it represents the navigational connection channel between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

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