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This review highlights recent examples of multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) based on donepezil structure modification from 2010 onwards.

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The steam gasification of algal biomass (Cladophora glomerata L.) in presence of alkali and alkaline-earth metal compounds catalysts was studied to enhance the yield of syngas and reduce its tar content through cracking and reforming of condensable fractions. The commercial catalysts used include NaOH, KHCO, NaPO and MgO. The gasification runs carried out with a research scale, biomass gasification unit, show that the NaOH has a strong potential for production of hydrogen, along with the added advantages of char converting and tar destruction, allowing enhancement of produced syngas caloric value. When the temperature increased from 700°C to 900°C, the tar content in the gas sharply decreased, while the hydrogen yield increased. Increasing steam/biomass ratio significantly increased hydrogen yield and tar destruction; however, the particle size in the range of 0.5-2.5 mm played a minor role in the process.

In recent years, a novel technique has been developed for the extraction of natural products of plants based upon exertion of microwave energy at atmospheric pressure namely microwave assisted extraction. Microwave accelerated distillation (MAD) was applied for the extraction of essential oil from the leaves of Eucalyptus microtheca. The microwave assisted extraction method has been compared with hydrodistillation (HD) conventional technique, in terms of extraction time, yields and chemical compositions. Also, effect of microwave powers were investigated on extraction of some major constituents of E. microtheca essential oil. The obtained results show that, the extraction of essential oils from Eucalyptus by microwave assisted extraction is more efficient rather than hydrodistillation especially from yield and time of extraction points of view (10 min versus 3 h and 1.72 % versus 0.29 %). The extracted essential oils involved 18 and 34 components constituting 94.04 and 89.07 % of the chemical profiles in the hydrodistillation and microwave assisted extraction methods, respectively. The results also show that, each type of Eucalyptus microtheca essential oil compounds has an optimum microwave power for efficient extraction and this power should be used to enhance useful components of essential oil and to save energy.