Pasteuria penetrans will build-up faster where there is a high initial nematode density and can suppress root-knot nematode populations in the roots of tomato plants. The effect of different initial densities of nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) (150, 750, 1500, 3000) and P. penetrans infected females (F1, F3) densities (F0=control and AC=absolute control without nematode or P. penetrans inoculum) on the build-up of Pasteuria population was investigated over four crop cycles. Two major points of interest were highlighted. First, that within a confined soil volume, densities of P. penetrans can increase >100 times within 2 or 3 crop cycles. Second, from a relatively small amount of spore inoculum, infection of the host is very high. There were more infected females in the higher P. penetrans doses. The root growth data confirms the greater number of females in the controls particularly at the higher inoculum densities in the third and fourth crops. P. penetrans generally caused the fresh root weights to be higher than those in the control. P. penetrans has shown greater reduction of egg masses per plant at most densities. The effects of different initial densities of M. javanica and P. penetrans on the development of the pest and parasite populations were monitored. And no attempt was made to return the P. penetrans spores to the pots after each crop so the build-up in actual numbers of infected females and spores under natural conditions may be underestimated.

The examines are the different request strategies in English used by Pakistani and Chinese students according to social distance and power of interlocutors. Data comprises students from Pakistan and China enrolled in an undergraduate program at International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. Blum-Kulka, House, and Kasper's (1989) taxonomy of request strategies is taken as a theoretical framework to compare the request speech act patterns of Pakistani and Chinese students. This study analyzed the request speech act in terms of head act strategies used by participants. Blum-Kulka et al. (1989) categorized the request speech act into three request strategies i.e. direct, conventionally indirect, and non-conventional indirect strategies. The study identifies similarities between Pakistani ESL learners and Chinese EFL learners in making use of mood derivable as the preferred strategies for making requests in situations of different social distance, power, and familiarity between the interlocutors.

The research aims to examine the patterns of each type of cohesive device in the light of cohesion model proposed by Halliday and Hasan in 1976. Halliday and Hasan (1976) identified five different types of cohesion: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion in the text. This study uses the selected weekly articles authored by Cyril Almeida from well-known daily published English Newspaper “The Daily Dawn”. Analysis of text comprises Halliday and Hasan’s cohesion model, and analysis linguistic techniques used in newspaper texts. The study finds repeated occurrences of cohesive devises such as referencing, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion. Moreover, reiteration is found to be the most frequently occurring cohesive device. In addition, reference from grammatical cohesion also outnumbered all other subcategories of cohesion. In addition, a many of literary terms used in articles makes it diverse in uncovering some of political context to audience. Hence, it concludes that in, the overall occurrences of lexical cohesion i.e. reiteration and collocation are dominant; suggesting that the texts of selected news articles of Cyril Almeida are cohesive mainly because of lexical cohesion i.e. semantic linkage through vocabulary rather than grammar

The present paper attempts the application of new historicist perspectives to John Denham’s play The Sophy and Robert Baron’s play Mirza. Both the plays have been analyzed together due to elements of similarity in theme, plot and source. The playwrights have used these plays as oblique commentaries on the socio-historical and political conditions of the period but at the same time these plays also embody deeper meanings beyond the topical and national references. These plays may well be viewed as reinforcing the notion of cultural hegemony of the West and thereby representing the psychological divide between the Occident and Orient. The researchers contend that both Denham and Baron have misrepresented the Orient and Oriental characters in their plays since most of the characters have been represented as cultural stereotypes. The research paper aims to find out as to how both the plays support the dominant ideology of the period which was to misrepresent the Oriental characters. Both the plays have been explicated in the light of some of the key aspects of New Historicism.