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In a previous paper, the author of this paper presented a model in which it was proposed that the nuclei consist of clusters of ud pairs, where u and d are u quark and d quark, respectively. In this paper, the author has used the model in elucidating several phenomena, such as binding of u and d in ud by the exchange of electron-positron pairs or photons between them, energy of the exchanged photons, nature of forces between u and d, interaction of energetic photons with nuclear ud pairs, existence of nuclear quadrupole moment, creation of dark matter via simultaneous increase of h and decrease of c as the universe expands, etc.

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The exchange forces appear to be of the nature of space-time quantized gravity/ gravitation, which may be called gravity particles. The so-called dark matter may exist in the form of these gravity particles. It also appears that the universe has a finite size, although it has no boundary.Résumé: Les forces d'échange paraissent être de la nature de la gravitation spatiotemporelle quantifiée qui pourrait être appelée particules de la gravité. La soi-disant matière sombre pourrait exister dans la forme de ces particules de gravité. Il paraît aussi que l'univers a une dimension limitée, bien qu'il n'ait aucune frontière.