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One of the major problems in modern housing design is overheating. Occupants suffer higher indoor temperatures due to a lack of natural ventilation. This issue arises because of poor passive design. A good passive design promotes natural ventilation and provides better indoor air temperatures without reliance on mechanical cooling systems. The roofing system plays an important role in a house's design. Since the roof contributes to 70% of the total heat gain, it is important to investigate its design to reduce the impact of overheating. It has been found that many roofs lack a ventilation system in the top part of the house. These openings in the roof provide areas for trapped hot air to exit into the environment. The openings also enhance natural ventilation and allow for effective air circulation inside the house. The optimum roof is designed to tackle this matter by reducing the overheating inside the house, especially during the hottest hours of the day. The hot air exits based on the differences in air density and due to prevailing wind. In this study, the optimum roof was tested on a small-scale model and verified by simulation using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software, namely ANSYS 18.0. From the data obtained, it was proven that the opening in the roof reduced the indoor temperature. In conclusion, the optimum roof could improve the passive design and help to reduce overheating inside a house.

The construction industry believes that Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a platform to transform the construction industry to a higher level by enhancing productivity and efficiency. It is proven that with BIM process execution, productivity can be enhanced through the effective collaboration process, increased return of investment, and reliable information to support the decision-making process. Efficiency can be enhanced through an integrated design process, reliable and accurate cost estimates, reduced financial risk, and reduced potential dispute. Thus, clients are gradually enforcing the use of BIM in their projects, resulting in many construction companies investing in BIM technology to fulfil clients’ needs. This paper presents a review of over recent research to identify the key of elements of awareness, benefits, strategies and implementation of BIM. The result reveals that the top ten (10) ranking of BIM awareness, BIM benefits, BIM challenges and BIM strategies for the industry player to implement and adopt BIM in Sarawak construction industry.

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