The rate of PMDD in this study is high. Dysmenorrhoea of moderate/severe intensity correlated significantly with the possibility of having PMDD. Efforts should therefore be made to alleviate the pain associated with menses. In addition, the College's health-care providers should take into account the issues of dysmenorrhoea and its management more seriously by intensifying health education on dysmenorrhoea and PMDD in order to improve the quality of life of the students.

Interestingly, duration of labor was not significantly different among multiparas and nulliparas although it was shorter. Correlation existed between duration of labor and maternal age and individual parity.

Context: Menopause is one area that has been shrouded in myths and taboos and the way women perceive menopause depends largely on the social belief about menopause in their society. Objective: The aims of this study are to assess how women perceived the physical changes during menopause, what the social as well as the individual adjustment practice to menopausal changes might be. Materials and Methods: Qualitative focal group study among women aged 40 years and above where eight to ten volunteers formed a group. Six sessions were held for different focal group, each lasting 1-2 h. A tape recorder and a notepad were used to record the discussions. Opinions of the women were sought on socio-cultural differences in the perception of aging, perception of menstruation, perceived causes and consequences of menopause, sexual intercourse after menopause, social support networks for menopausal women, and types of care and treatment for women in menopause. Results: The participants in the FGDs used various phrases to describe menopause in local term; while some of the participants attributed disease to be a cause of menopause, others believed that it be could be caused by witchcraft or sorcery. However, younger and old women whose menstrual flow stops prematurely seek assistance, often from traditional or spiritual healers. Conclusion: This study reveals the poor menopausal knowledge among the study group with more than half of the respondents having negative attitude towards menopause in addition to mixed feelings about religious obligation and cohabitation.

Background: Hundreds of international projects are implemented all over the world. Sustainability of such projects is always questioned. The objective of this study was to analyze landmarks of successful collaboration in global surgical issues between Ukrainian and Canadian institutions from 2006 to 2013. Methods: We completed a descriptive analyses of 3 international projects. Results: In collaboration with Ukrainian obstetrics and gynaecology associations and the Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada, an initiative seeking to improve emergency obstetrical care using the Advances in Labour and Risk Management International Program (AIP) was conducted in Ukraine. From 2006 to 2009, 912 providers participated in 18 AIP trainings. Since project termination, 10 AIP training with 435 participants were conducted by a national team. Training is now institutionalized into the Donetsk National Medical University (DNMU) curricula. Since 2010 in collaboration between the University of Toronto, and the DNMU, the Donetsk Telesimulation Satellite Center was established. A telesimulation program has been applied to introduce the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery course, with the objective to standardize the technical skills of Ukrainian professionals. In total, 137 participants from 11 sites have completed the course. Since 2011, a collaboration between the McGill University and the DNMU to improve disaster management and trauma care has been established. A risk assessment tool geared speci fically toward the European Football Championship Euro 2012 was developed. Trauma training has been conducted and the creation of a database of injury epidemiology. Conclusion: Sustainable partnerships is important to ensure long-term interest in an initiative either funded or not. Capacity building based on bottom-up approaches with the initiative coming from national professionals to ensure national ownership and leadership with long-term commitment is essential. 2. COSECSA, achievements and challenges in improving global surgery. P.G. Jani.