The efficiency of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is significantly influenced by Congestion Control. Many scientists have widely researched and suggested several improvements to conventional TCP Congestion Control over the past centuries. This subject, however, still inspires scholarly and industrial research groups due to changes in demands for internet applications and the evolution of internet technologies. In this review paper, illustrate the most important features of the TCP and its mechanisms. The challenges and its effect on the performance of the network communication have also been explained. Several research groups have been working on the improvement of the quality of services of the network. This paper reviews some recent studies and argues their latest findings to have a better understanding. Where the important features of sub-sections of the TCP were presented. Then we showed the two main classes of the existing router queue management system. Performance metrics are used to show the behaviour of a network during data transmission. The results in this study showed the performance of ARED was be better than that of RED.

A review of high-speed pipelined phase accumulator (PA) is proposed in this paper. The detail explanation of ideas, methods and techniques used in previous researches to improve the PA throughput designs were surveyed. The Brent–Kung (BK) adder was modified in this paper to be applied in pipelined PA architecture. A comparison of different adder circuits, includes a modified BK, ripple carry adder (RCA), Kogge-Stone adder (KS) and other prefix adders were applied to architect the PA based on Pipeline technique. The presented pipelined PA design circuit with multiple frequency control word (FCW) and different adders were coded Verilog hardware description language (HDL) code, compiled and verified with field programmable gate array (FPGA) kit platform. The comparison result shows that the modified BK adder has fast performances. The shifted clocking technique is utilized in the proposed pipelined PA circuit to reduce the unwanted repetitive D-flip flop (DFF) registers (coming from the pipeline technique), while preserving the high speed.

In recent days, vehicles usage and speed are highly increased that leads to an increase in energy consumption, delay, and overhead in the network. In this paper, a novel trajectory is introduced to achieve maximum reliability namely trust and mobility-based evaluation for intelligent collaborative (TMIC)-UAVs assisted VANETs. Reactive multipath greedy routing protocol (RMGR) is the hybrid routing protocol and it is the combination of ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) with greedy geographic forwarding (GGF) which is used for routing in frequently changeable network topology. To protect the network from malfunctions, effective trust evaluation (ETE) is performed by calculating the direct trust and indirect trust. Finally, to achieve effective communication among the UAVs, hybrid optimization is performed which is the combination of the genetic algorithm (GA) and the crow swarm optimization (CSO) algorithm. For validation network simulator (NS3) is used and the results show that this approach achieves high energy efficiency, delivery ratio, and reduction in delay when compared with the earlier research.

E-learning is one way to make more learners more accessible and flexible and to close the divide between different fields or cultures or time management to the satisfaction of students. The purpose of this paper is to review the current literature on the benefits of online learning from the satisfaction of students in applied technology and the form of blended learning used in the learning process in order to build qualifications and enhance learning outcomes. The methodology focuses on explaining the different ways of e-learning methods and how to communicate through common communication models. The results of this paper demonstrate the effects of the 2019-2020 empiric study of e-learning at the University of Al-Maarif. The study further draws on its clear proof of the satisfaction of students with e-learning models.