Flushing time for tidal rivers and estuaries is of great benefits for those involved in taking appropriate decisions in water resources management. Shatt Al-Arab River is the main and only source of fresh water to Basra City, South of Iraq. Unfortunately, this river is facing an environmental deterioration as a result of presence of many pollution sources. The calculated flushing time of the river helps to estimate the expected time needed to renew the river water. Fresh water fraction method was used to calculate flushing time. The results showed that three factors are responsible for affecting the value of flushing time. These factors are upstream coming flow discharge, phenomenon of tide and lastly the location distance from the estuary. The results also showed that the flushing time of the northern part of the river from Maqal port until the confluence with Karun River are much more than that of southern part. Results also showed that the flushing time for the whole parts of the river was 2.4 months.

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Predicting accurate pressure drops in the reservoirs is essential for estimating the ultimate hydrocarbons recoveries and production rates. In hydraulically fractured wells, inertial flows can cause excessive pressure drops, beyond the predicted values form the Darcy equation. Therefore, predicting these excessive pressure drops through defining non-Darcy factors is of particular significance. I want to express my most sincere gratitude to my adviser Dr. Ali Takbiri Borujeni for giving me the opportunity to work under his advising and for spending the time in providing me with the necessary knowledge and the necessary resources in order to successfully complete this work. Moreover, I would like to acknowledge my committee members Ebrahim Fathi, Ph.D and H.Ilkin Bilgesu, Ph.D for their contribution and for critiquing this work which gave the final shape of this project. Furthermore, I want to express my gratitude to faculty and staff of the Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering at the

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