AIm:The superficial temporal artery (STA) is the one of the terminal branches of the external carotid artery. Three-dimensional anatomical structure of the STA can be evaluated by using three dimensional volume rendering technique (3D-VRT) from acquired two-dimensional contrast-enhanced computerized tomographic images. mATERIAl and mEThods:The raw data of the Three-dimensional Computerized Tomography Angiography (3D-CTA) was transferred to computer and recorded in a software program. This software program created the three-dimensional images of STA using these transferred raw data with the volume rendering technique. These images were evaluated in terms of the location of the STA bifurcation, the distance from the some anatomical landmarks, the inner diameter of the artery, and the type of the variations. REsulTs:The total number of patients consists of 53 (27 female and 26 male) patients. The mean age of the patients was estimated as 57.9±9.7 years. It was found that the location of the STA bifurcation was over the posterior third of the zygomatic arch in 58% of the cases. In 40% of the cases the location of the bifurcation was above the zygomatic arch. The location of the bifurcation was below the zygomatic arch in the remaining part of the cases (2%). CoNClusIoN:The STA images created using the volume rendering technique were evaluated in terms of the bifurcation point of the artery, the length of the bifurcation from some anatomical structures, the inner diameter of the artery and arterial variations. The results of this study showed that this technique might be helpful for the three-dimensional microsurgical anatomy of the STA in daily neurosurgical practice. BulGulAR: Toplam hasta sayısı 53 (27 kadın ve 26 erkek ) tür. Hastaların yaş ortalaması 57.9 ± 9.7 yıl olarak tespit edilmiştir. STA bifurkasyon yerinin olguların %58'inde zigomatik kemerin üçte bir arka kısmında, %40 olguda bifurkasyon yeri zigomatik arkın üzerinde, kalan %2 olguda zigomatik arkın altında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. soNuÇ: Çalışmanın sonuçları bize, sözkonusu teknik ile STA'nın üç boyutlu mikrocerrahi anatomisinin ortaya konularak, günlük nörocerrahi uygulamada kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir.

The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between nitric oxide (NO) and acetylcholine (ACh) in penicillin-induced experimental epilepsy. Adult male Wistar rats weighing 220 ± 35 g were used in the experiments. The epileptiform activity was induced by microinjection of penicillin (200 IU/1 μl) into the left sensorymotor cortex. Electrocorticogram was recorded by using Ag/AgCl ball electrodes. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, given intracortically 30 min after penicillin significantly reduced the spike frequency whereas ACh increased the epileptiform activity for 5 min. Atropine, an antagonist for muscarinic receptors, was given intracortically 30 min after penicillin and did not significantly affect epileptiform activity for 30 min. SNP given after atropine significantly suppressed the epileptiform activity. ACh given 10 min after Nω-nitro-L: -arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nonspecific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, did not have a significant effect on spike frequency. When ACh and SNP were administered together, penicillin induced epileptiform activity and spike frequency were significantly suppressed from the 10th minute onwards. It can be concluded that ACh increases the penicillin-induced epileptiform activity while co-administration of ACh and SNP produces a potent anticonvulsant effect as compared to SNP alone.

Surgical intervention is a gold standard technique for ruptured and unruptured middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysm. Before surgical intervention it is necessary to know the three-dimensional shape, surgical position, projection and position of the aneurysm and the course of the parent artery. In a demonstrative case with middle cerebral artery aneurysm, using the OsiriX MD image processing software for DICOM images, it was demonstrated the position of the aneurysm neck, the projection of the aneurysm and the course of the M1 segment in relation with dynamic rotation and extension of the head. These dynamic videographic neuroradiological images may enhance the surgical anatomic perspective of the surgeon before the surgical intervention.

ABSTRACTobserved after laminectomy and revealed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (22). Recently, more attention has been focused on PF, which may be responsible for recurrent pain after laminectomy (9,16) to prevent post laminectomy scarring and to induce new bone formation in different approaches (5,8,30). A number of synthetic and natural materials have been used to prevent or reduce PF and induce new bone formation after laminectomy in both animal and human studies (22). Especially, the PASS principles (Primary wound closure/ █ INTRODUCTION P eridural fibrosis (PF) is an undesirable outcome of decompressive spinal surgery that may compress the dura and nerve roots (3). PF develops out of the laminectomy membrane, which covers the defect created by the bone resection to replace the resected areas. Commonly, the bone defects as a result of laminectomy regenerate as fibrous tissue that intends to regenerate resected lamina (24). Briefly; PF is a part of the natural healing process and it could be AIm: A quantitative model of postlaminectomy was designed in rats. The effects of Momordica Charantia (MC) and Ankaferd blood stopper (ABS) on the bone and scar formation after laminectomy were concurrently evaluated. mATERIAl and mEThODS: Eighteen adult Wistar albino rats underwent lumbar laminectomy at L2-L3 vertebral levels, and were randomly assigned to one of three groups of six rats each. The Treatment group received MC and ABS treatment and the Control group was left untreated. Rats were sacrificed 4 weeks after treatment. Then; the lumbar spine was excised en-block, fixed and decalcified. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome, and evaluated for peridural fibrosis (PF), new bone formation, and vascular proliferation. RESUlTS:Total volume of new bone in the MC group was significantly increased in comparison to the Control group (p<0.05). Also; there was highly significant increase in terms of the total volume of fibrous tissue in the MC and ABS groups when compared with the Control group (p<0.01). Besides; there was a highly significant difference between the MC and the Control groups (p<0.01) in point of total volume of vessel.CONClUSION: Both MC and ABS are not convenient to prevent the PF formation and MC may promote new bone formation and angiogenesis after lumbar laminectomy in rats.

AIm:The choroid plexus (CP) is a specific anatomical structure producing cerebrospinal fluid into the ventricular space. The three-dimensional anatomical structure of the choroid plexus located within the lateral ventricle may be evaluated by using the three dimensional volume rendering technique (3D-VRT) from acquired two-dimensional contrast enhanced computerized tomographic images. mAterIAl and methOds:The raw data of Three-dimensional Computerized Tomography Angiography (3D-CTA) were transferred into the computer and recorded in a software program. These images were evaluated in terms of anatomical shape, borders, extensions length and dimensions. results:The patient group consisted of 57 (27 female and 30 male) patients. The mean age of the patients was 55±9 years. In male individuals, the distance of the superior tip from Frazier's point was 7.96±0.71 centimeters at the right side. In males, the distance of the inferior tip of the CP was estimated as 1.93±0.26 centimeters posterior-lateral from the anterior clinoid process, 1.64±0.23 centimeters posterior-lateral from the bifurcation of internal carotid artery, and 2.86±0.23 centimeters posterior-medial from the bifurcation of middle cerebral artery on the right side. COnClusIOn:The results of this study showed us that this technique could be used in the three-dimensional evaluation of some anatomical structures such as the choroid plexus. sOnuÇ: Çalışmanın sonuçları bize koroid pleksus gibi bazı anatomik yapıların bu teknik ile üç boyutlu olarak incelenebileceğini göstermektedir.