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Football fields composed of natural grass must maintain a playable state throughout the season. Substructure problems such as inadequacies in drainage and irrigation systems may adversely affect a player's health and game quality in rainy and/or dry seasons. The scope of the study encompasses eight football fields, which have natural turf combined with semi‐ or fully automatic sprinkler systems, with permission given for study in İstanbul. Irrigation systems, infiltration rate, surface hardness, turf coverage and root penetration parameters were investigated on these playing fields. The results were evaluated according to FIFA, UEFA, TFF and other national and international standards. Our findings showed that none of the sprinkler systems of these football fields could meet the minimum Christiansen's coefficient of uniformity ratio (84%). Only one of the sprinkler systems of the stadiums had a fair rating according to a distribution uniformity ratio. All fields, except for one, had low (<100 mm h−1) infiltration rates for first‐class grounds. Cover percentages of the lawns were at desirable levels except for one stadium, which had excessive weed problems. Generally, root depths (<15 cm) and plant densities (5–15) were poor in the fields. Surface hardness was high (107 G‐max) in one stadium, normal in another stadium (72 G‐max) and low (< 70 G‐max) in the rest. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The incidence rate of occupational accidents is an important indicator of occupational safety performance. The aim of this study was to classify the similarities and differences among 23 European Union (EU) countries along with Turkey in terms of various occupational accident evaluation criteria. This was achieved using the k-means clustering method on data from the forestry and logging sector between 2008 and 2017. The occupational accident assessment criteria used in the study include the nonfatal male accident incidence rate, the nonfatal female accident incidence rate, the total (male + female) nonfatal accident incidence rate, and the total (male + female) fatal accident incidence rate. According to the clustering analysis, three clusters were obtained, and Turkey was included in Cluster 2. By evaluating the final cluster center values and the descriptive statistical values in the clusters, it was found that the occupational accident incidence values of the countries in Cluster 2 were in all four categories below the averages of the other two other clusters as well as the 23 EU countries and Turkey considered together. Cluster 1 was above all of the other clusters as well as all the countries considered together in the total nonfatal occupational accident category, and Cluster 3 in the fatal occupational accident category. Studies similar to this one but on an intercontinental basis would provide a good foundation for improving work health and safety legislation in forestry and logging on a global scale.

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