This paper provides an integrated overview of the water shutoff operations, starting from the causes to the solutions. The paper begins with explaining the benefits of eliminating excessive water production. Then, the different types of water production and their properties are explained. The paper also focuses in reviewing the disadvantages of producing unwanted water as well as the sources of it, followed by an explanation of the methodology for identifying the problem. Then, the chemical solutions for water shutoff are reviewed which are generally applied to solve the excessive unwanted water production in the reservoir or near the wellbore area. Finally, the paper illustrates the common mechanical solutions for water shutoff within the wellbore. The aim behind this paper is to provide a general description of identifying the unwanted water production sources and the common practices for water shutoff operations.

In the oil and gas industry, water is essential element since it exists in most of the stages, starting from drilling operations, then production processes including injecting in the reservoir to maintain the pressure, and finally disposing the produced water from the reservoir. Therefore, it is very important to understand the water in the petroleum industry with its different types and study its effects on the reservoirs as well as the downhole and surface equipment. Most of the studies and literature reviews focused on the oil and gas properties. In fact, understanding the properties of the water is as important as the oil and gas properties. Water is always present in the oil and gas fields during production, injection or disposal. Therefore, it has a direct impact on the productivity and overall efficiency of the field and the entire development project. This paper is going to illustrate and focus on several objectives. First, it elaborates the importance of the water in the oil and gas fields. Then, it includes a comprehensive overview of different types of water in the petroleum industry including a summary about of their properties. The main two types that the paper focuses on are the produced water and the injected water. It clarifies the effects of both of them on the reservoir, well completions and facilities. After that, the paper touches bases on the common problems and issues caused by water along with a brief summary of steps needed by the operators to follow in order to solve them. In addition to that, the common monitoring procedures and tests that are usually followed to observe the quality of the water are going to be presented. Finally, couples of solutions used by operators are reviewed to solve the problem of excessive water production after the water breakthrough in the field.

The aim behind this study is to provide the reader with a preliminary overview of the "Smart Wells" technologies; starting with the drilling operations, then completion stage and finally the day-to-day monitoring systems. The paper outlines the smart technologies elements, benefits and their operational procedures. It begins with elaborating on the definition of the smart well as well as the importance of applying smart concepts and technologies to the wells in the oil and gas industry. Then, the different ways of applying the smart technologies and their properties are explained. The paper provides a comprehensive overview about the technologies associated with smart wells in the drilling, completion and monitoring. The paper also focuses on reviewing the various phases of the well and the advantageous smart solutions available for each phase. It also clarifies the pre-job planning steps to be taken by the operator for each phase. In addition to that, the monitoring procedure as well as the installation procedures is going to be reviewed. Finally, for each technology discussed in this paper, the advantages are going to be elaborated. The knowledge presented in this study can be used as an introductory to apply smart methodologies and solutions to the oil and gas industry.

Oil and gas operations depend heavily on water in many different aspects. Water is present wherever there is hydrocarbon production. It is produced along with the hydrocarbons and helps in mobilizing them. It is also injected into the reservoirs to aid in mobilizing the hydrocarbons, maintain the pressure and increase the recovery of the development project. With water presence, some serious problems occur such as scaling. Scaling is a well-known problematic precipitation caused mainly due to mixing of two incompatible fluids, changes in temperature and pressure conditions and disturbance to thermodynamics and kinetics of reservoir fluids. They can be found at any point of the operations starting down at the formation up to the surface tanks. Scales are directly responsible for compromising the economics and safety of development projects. This review paper is going to include a recap of the importance of water in the oil and gas industry, then review the different types of scales as well as their properties including carbonate and sulfate scales. After that, famous scales from each type is going to be reviewed as well as their properties and precipitation conditions such as Calcium Carbonate CaCO 3 , Calcium Sulfate CaSO 4 , Barium Sulfate BaSO 4 and Strontium Sulfate SrSO 4. Moreover, common practices and precautions steps in the industry are going to be reviewed as well. Finally, the paper presents the common practices used by the operators for scale removal.

Background: Despite all their benefits, improper use of medicines can bring potential health hazards. Though it was previously considered unnecessary, responsible self-medication is regarded as an essential aspect of self-care. Objectives: To explore the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on Over-the-Counter Drugs (OTC) use, and its determinants among the adult population in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Method: It was a cross sectional study, where data were collected through online Google form to collect information on 503 subjects; where the sample type was a convenient one. A predesigned questionnaire was used to collect information on personal, sociodemographic and clinical information, as well as on the knowledge, attitude and practice on use of OTC drugs. Statistical analysis: SPSS version 24 was used, and the Subroutine Chi square test of significance was used. The level of significance was 0.05. Results: The majority of the enrolled subjects (83.3%) used OTC drugs (419/503). About 60% were under the age of 40 years old. Lower educational level, and increased salary over 10,000 SR were significantly associated with the use of OTC drugs (p < 0.05). About 80% were advised on the use of the OTC drugs by pharmacists; and 53.7% read about indications, side effects and contraindications of the OTC drugs before their use. About 80% used them for emergency; and 71% used them for treatment of mild illnesses. About 90% used them because of their past experience with their use, and 30% used them to avoid consultation fees. Painkillers were used by 97.4% of the subjects; in addition, cough suppressants (71.8%), dietary supplements (69.2%), antihistamine (40.3%) and digestive and laxative drugs (48.9%) were used. About 30%, considered that OTC drugs were cheaper and convenient. About 45% of the subjects considered that OTC drugs were safe and effective. About 80% considered it was wrong. to use the OTC drugs with other medications Conclusion: In Saudi Arabia, OTC medications can easily be obtained at pharmacies for the purpose of self-treatment. Approximately 83% of Jeddah survey respondents reported that they had used OTC drugs. The most commonly used OTC medications were antipyretics, analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs, and these drugs were more commonly used by respondents aged <40 years than those aged 40 years. The awareness level of the survey respondents on the side effects resulting from the use of OTC medications was relatively low. Keywords: OTC drugs, KAP, Saudi Arabia, mild illnesses