Conflict analysis plays an important role in the fields of politics, military operations, economics, business management, games, urban planning, management negotiations and etcetera. Computational intelligence model such as rough set theory has been used in managing conflict situations which have the ability to handle uncertainties. However, there is a great concern in the computational time of the rough set approach in determining strength, certainty and coverage of conflicts. Motivated by the fact that every rough set approach can be represented using soft set theory, we derived an alternative method based on the concept of co-occurrence from multi-soft sets to handle conflict situations. We first used an illustrative example of a movie selection problem to demonstrate the proposed approach and provide an extensive elaboration using a publicly available dataset. Our motivation is to provide a new measure based on support, strength, certainty and coverage of soft set on movie selection problem. Our findings have revealed that the proposed approach achieved less computational time when compared with the rough set-based approach of up to 8.05%. One potential application of the proposed approach is the domain of recommendation systems. The proposed approach can be used to easily identify users/items nearest neighbours based on support, strength, certainty and coverage, which is crucial for the success of recommendation systems.

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The internet of things (IoT) is expected to influence both architecture and infrastructure of current and future smart cities vision. Thus, the requirement and effectiveness of making cities smarter demands suitable provision of secure and efficient communication networks between IoT networking devices. Trust-based routing protocols play an important role in IoT for secure information exchange and communications between IoT networking elements. Thus, this chapter presents the foundation of trust-based protocols from social science to IoT for secure smart city environments. The chapter outlines and discusses the key ideas, notions, and theories that may help the reader to understand the current status and the possible future trends of trust-based protocols in IoT networks for smart cities. The chapter also discusses the implications, requirements, and future research challenges of trust-based protocols in IoT for smart cities.