As regards the conceptualization of illness perceptions, the dimensions identified are in line with the self-regulatory model of illness. Addressing illness perceptions through tailored interventions may contribute to improving health care and health outcomes in Turkish migrants.

This study explores the correlation between human carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms I and II (hCA I, II) and the inhibitory features of some spirobisnaphthalene derivatives. A group of spirobisnaphthalenes was synthesized and their hCA I and II inhibitory effects was investigated. The K i values were similar for both CA isoenzymes, the compounds showing good inhibitory activity. K i values ranged between 1.60 and 460.42 mM for hCA I and between 0.39 and 419.42 mM for hCA II, respectively. The spirobisnaphthalenes derivatives might be useful for designing CA inhibitors belonging to novel chemotypes compared to the highly investigated sulfonamides, sulfamates or coumarins.

Background: Pathogenic yeasts resistance to current drugs emphasizes the need for new, safe, and cost-effective drugs. Also, new inhibitors are needed to control the effects of enzymes that are implicated in metabolic dysfunctions such as cancer, obesity, and epilepsy. Methods: The anti-yeast extract from Terminalia mantaly (Combretaceae) was fractionated and the structures of the isolated compounds established by means of spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data. Activity was assessed against Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis and C. krusei using the microdilution method, and against four enzymes of metabolic significance: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase I and II, and glutathione S-transferase. Results: Seven compounds, 3,3′-di-O-methylellagic acid 4′-O-α-rhamnopyranoside; 3-O-methylellagic acid; arjungenin or 2,3,19,23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oïc acid; arjunglucoside or 2,3,19,23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oïc acid glucopyranoside; 2α,3α,24-trihydroxyolean-11,13(18)-dien-28-oïc acid; stigmasterol; and stigmasterol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside were isolated from the extract. Among those, 3,3′-di-O-methylellagic acid 4′-O-α-rhamnopyranoside, 3-O-methylellagic acid, and arjunglucoside showed anti-yeast activity comparable to that of reference fluconazole with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) below 32 µg/mL. Besides, Arjunglucoside potently inhibited the tested enzymes with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) below 4 µM and inhibitory constant (Ki) <3 µM. Conclusions: The results achieved indicate that further SAR studies will likely identify potent hit derivatives that should subsequently enter the drug development pipeline.

Diels–Alder reaction of benzoquinone monoacetal 1 with 1‐methoxy‐1,3‐butadiene (4) and dimethyl(1‐methyl‐3‐vinylcyclohex‐3‐enyl)(phenyl)silane (5) gave the expected adducts 2 and 3, whereas with siloxy‐dienes such as 3‐methyl‐1‐(trimethylsiloxy)‐1,3‐butadiene (6) a 1,2‐aldol‐type adduct 9 was isolated. The Diels–Alder adduct 2 was isomerized under mild basic conditions to the olefin 10 and eliminated to the diene 11 under mild acidic or thermal conditions. The olefins 2, 10 and 11 were subjected to epoxidation with m‐chloroperbenzoic acid and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide under mild basic conditions to afford the epoxides 12, 15, and 18 under the former conditions and 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, and 20 under the latter conditions. The olefins 1, 2, 10, 11, and 20 were also transformed into the respective cis‐diols 21a and 23a–26a. From theses diols the corresponding diacetates (b) andacetonides (c) were prepared. The compounds were tested against the Gram‐negative bacterium Escherichia coli, the Gram‐positive bacterium Bacillus megaterium, and the fungus Microbotryum violaceum. Whereas compound 25b was the most active of the diacetates and the epoxide 18 the most active of all substances, all of the compounds were biologically active against the three test organisms, equalling and surpassing those of the natural palmarumycins.

The total synthesis of palmarumycin CP1 (4) and CP2 (5) and racemic CJ‐12.371 methyl ether (17) is described using the Diels–Alder reaction of benzoquinone 1,8‐dihydroxynaphthalene acetal (10) with 1‐methoxy‐1,3‐butadiene under neat reaction conditions. The stereochemistry of adduct 15 was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. The transformation of 15 into target products 4, 5, and 17 involved dehydrogenation, methyl ether cleavage, and reduction and oxidation steps.