The usefulness of wireless sensor networks has fascinated the world’s attention. Usage of low-power microcontrollers and wireless sensors to handle real-world problems such as environmental, medicinal, and structural monitoring has exploded. Wireless sensor nodes are extremely tiny and are designed for low-duty applications such as recording physical characteristics. Wireless sensor network operations such as sensing, calculations, and communication take extensively more energy than these low-powered sensor nodes. They are used both in attainable and inaccessible areas and are usually powered by batteries. Since the sensor is powered by batteries, replacing and charging the battery after its depletion are challenging. Manual battery replacement is hampered by geographical restrictions, which results in significant reduction of wireless sensor network performance and longevity. As a result, this study addresses the energy-constrained wireless sensor networks by creating a technological model to a heterogeneous clustered wireless sensor network in an outdoor application using solar-enabled energy harvesting photovoltaic cells. Due to lack of energy, this effort was employed to overcome the challenges of relatively restricted processing performance and limited radio frequency transmission bandwidth. The program was created to efficiently utilize the energy produced from solar panels and charge the batteries in a variety of ways. The algorithm also controls the discharging process. According to the results of extensive investigation and experimentation, the sensor is continuously operated even when there is no solar light. The batteries are charged on bright day and discharged at night and on overcast days. The algorithm is used to govern the energy supplement to rechargeable lithium-ion polymer batteries as well as a load (sensor). In the worst scenario (no solar light/cloudy, and sensors reporting data every 30 minutes), the present cluster head sensor with 6 ordinary nodes in the cluster lasts just 16.6667 days. But the life duration of the newly designed model algorithm has been raised to 54.16667 days. The normal sensor node’s life duration has also been enhanced from 50 to 91.66667 days.

The optimum utilization of human resources is one of the crucial exercises in IT organizations. To provide a wellorganized and cohesive working environment, organizations need to review their work culture in reference to newly evolved tools and techniques. To reduce the development cost of the IT projects and the optimum utilization of human resources, organizations need to review and redesign the project development processes. The significant challenges faced by IT organizations are the rapid switch-over (attrition) of IT professionals, physical migration or deployment, and redeployment of the human resources. This research paper is an effort towards the multilateral exploration of the techniques to adapt and improve the ICT enabled project management practices in an outsourced environment. This research is an effort with special reference to developing countries such as Ethiopia, where an acute shortage of high skilled IT human resources and their physical migration from one project location to another project location is a costly and challenging task. Ethiopia as a developing country and its IT industry is challenged by several issues like the capacity of ICT infrastructure and the skilled human resources. In such situations, IT projects are either challenged, impaired, or completed failed due to lack of IT human resources with desired skills and ultramodern up to date IT infrastructure. In this research paper, cloud computing technology is assumed as a key to the solution. For this, a systematic and careful investigation using mixed data analysis approach was used to adopt cloudbased outsourcing in IT project management practices i.e. design, development, and testing over outsourced systems by outsourced IT human resources. The major findings of this paper are to investigate and analyze how these cloud-based resources can be explored without physical movement or migration. For the novel improvement in the existing IT project management practices, the salient stakeholders' views were collected and analyzed for designing cloud-based outsourcing IT project management framework for the Ethiopian IT industry. The framework was functionally tested over the cloud-based Bitrix24 platform.