Objective To compare the diagnostic value of cytological (all spermatogenic cells present except spermatids and spermatozoa). There was a good correlation between smears of fine-needle aspirate with that of histological sections obtained by testicular biopsy in the evaluation the diagnosis on the cytological smears and histological sections in 58 of 60 patients (97%). In two patients of infertility. Patients and methods The study included 60 patients there was scanty aspirate and few cells, giving an inaccurate diagnosis. Interstitial cells were not with azoospermia or severe oligospermia (sperm counts of < 5 million/mL). A detailed history was detected on cytological smears. In three patients, Sertoli-cell only was diagnosed on cytology, and histaken and the external genitalia examined. Testicular samples were obtained by fine-needle aspiration using tology revealed additional features of Leydig cell hyperplasia. a 10 mL syringe and 21 G needle; the air-dried smears were stained using the May-Grunwald-GiemsaConclusion Fine-needle aspiration of the testis is a simple and minimally invasive technique for diagnostic evalumethod. A testicular biopsy was taken after exploring the same tract and these sections were stained with ation, especially in patients with obstructive azoospermia. Patients with abnormal findings on fine-needle haematoxylin and eosin. The cytological smears and histological sections were examined separately and aspiration cytology may be evaluated histologically by further biopsy. the results compared. Results The cytological smears were divided into three

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Introduction: We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the newly launched thulium fiber laser (TFL) with holmium laser lithotripsy in the miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy (Miniperc) procedure for renal stones. Methods: The prospective study included patients with renal stones of size >1 cm to ≤3 cm. The patients who opted for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, retrograde intrarenal surgeries, and stones >3 cm were excluded from the study. Demographics such as patient's age, sex, stone volume, and hardness were evaluated. The patients were randomized into holmium and TFL group for stone lithotripsy. Both the procedures were evaluated for stone disintegration time, operative time, hospital stay, intra- and postoperative complications, and stone-free rate. Results: A total of 125 patients with renal stones who underwent Miniperc were included in this study. The average size of the stone was comparable in both the groups (P = 0.053). The median stone disintegration time with holmium laser was 20 min 45 s and with TFL, it was 11 min 19 s (P < 0.001). The most common complications were Clavien grade I and II complications (P = 0.128). Prolonged postoperative hematuria was observed in the Thulium fiber laser group, which was conservatively managed. The stone-free rate with TFL (94.9%) was better than Holmium lithotripsy (90.9%). Conclusions: The TFL has significant less stone disintegration time which effectively reduced the operative time of Miniperc procedure. The stone-free rate is better, but the incidence of self-limiting hematuria is higher with TFL as compared to Holmium laser.