Probiotics or health-beneficial bacteria have only recently been introduced in dentistry after years of successful use in mainly gastrointestinal disorders. The concept of bacteriotherapy was first introduced in the beginning of 20th century. They are administered in different quantities that allow for colon colonization. These products help in stimulating health promoting flora and also suppressing the pathologic colonization and disease spread. The use of probiotic plays an important aspect in dentistry too, ever since the oral infections occupied the prime spot among the other infections affecting the humans. Probiotics strengthen the immune system to combat allergies, stress, exposure to toxic substances, and other diseases. This review is an attempt to discuss briefly the role of probiotics in oral health.

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ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA (ED) IS A RARE DISORDER WITH DEFECTS IN TWO OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING STRUCTURES: the teeth and the skin and its appendages including hair, nails, eccrine, and sebaceous glands. Dental manifestations include hypodontia, complete anodontia or malformed teeth. The most common form of the ED syndrome is hypohidrotic ED and is usually inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. Female carriers may have a variable degree of clinical manifestations. The condition is thought to occur in approximately 1 in every 100,000 live births. Dental treatment for these patients varies on an individual basis. Children with ED are often treated dentally with conventional adult appearing prosthesis which are focused only on the oral manifestations of the syndrome. We are here reporting two classical cases of hypohidrotic ED with a review of the literature.

Introduction:Mandibular canal or inferior alveolar canal is an important anatomical landmark in mandible which contains neurovascular bundles. Mandibular canal is considered as reference anatomical landmark in maxillofacial surgeries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the course and visibility of the mandibular canal in Darbhanga (Bihar) population on digital panoramic radiographs, and the objective was to assess the normal variation of mandibular canal on panoramic radiographs Material and Methods: A total of 500 panoramic radiographs were selected from the archives of our department as soft copies. The course of mandibular canal was evaluated on panoramic radiographs. The collected data were subsequently processed and analyzed using SPSS statistical package version 17. Results:We found that elliptic curve is most common curve. Visibility of mandibular canal is more in the third molar region compared to first molar region. Conclusion: In the present study, most common curve was elliptic curve (64.8%) followed by linear curve (22.2%). Visibility of mandibular canal in third molar region was 98.1%. In both gender, elliptic curve was most common curve.