The COVID-19 outbreak has restricted international travel, halting tourism globally. Thus, travel demand has shifted from international to domestic destinations. The prolonged travel restriction has changed travel trends and travelers’ behaviors, adversely affecting the tourism industry worldwide. This study attempted to understand and examine the changes in travel preferences, such as choice of destinations, activities, and transportation modes, following the COVID-19 outbreak. This study used primary survey data of 200 respondents collected in June 2020 and secondary survey data collected by the Korea Tourism Organization in 2015 and 2017. The study also examined the role of the government in supporting strategies to prepare for the post-COVID tourism landscape. The analysis showed that the pandemic has caused travelers to favor short-haul destinations where non-contact (socially distanced) travel is possible. The study also found that the distributed land strategy that can make “untact” tourism a possibility could boost the struggling tourism industry.

Very recently overseas acquisition and outward greenfield foreign investment have emerged as the two important modes of internationalization of the Indian pharmaceutical enterprises. This study examines the relative strengths and weaknesses of these strategies so as to suggest which between the two is a more effective internationalization strategy for the Indian pharmaceutical firms, given the nature of their ownership advantages. This analysis has been conducted in three stages. First, the internationalization process of the Indian pharmaceutical industry has been embedded into a four stage theory emphasizing on the emergence of different modes of internationalization like inward foreign investment, imports, exports, outward greenfield investment, overseas acquisition and contract manufacturing including inter-firm strategic alliances. Second, theoretical perspectives have been developed with regard to the different ways in which greenfield investment and overseas acquisition can maximize the revenue productivity of pharmaceutical firms' competitive advantages and/or to strengthen their competitive position. Third, case study of Ranbaxy Laboratories has been undertaken to empirically assess its experience with overseas acquisitions. The analysis indicates that the growth and internationalization of Indian pharmaceutical enterprises was critically dependent upon strategic government policies pursued in the past. The Indian experience offers a number of policy lessons to other developing countries wanting to build their domestic base in the pharmaceutical sector. Theoretical understandings indicate that acquisition is a more effective internationalization strategy than greenfield investment since the former not only provides all the benefits that the latter gives, but also several other competitive advantages important for firms' performance in world market. The experience of Ranbaxy shows that overseas acquisitions have augmented its intangible asset bundle including distribution and market networks and have provided access to an existing market. JEL Classification L65; L22; G34; F14; L20

Purpose American taxpayers heavily subsidize professional sports leagues and teams through direct and indirect public funding to build professional sports stadiums. Today, the proportion of public funding to build professional sports stadiums is greater than private contribution. In last 20 years, almost all of the 100 professional stadiums opened have received some form of direct or indirect financial assistance from local, state and federal government. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This paper investigates and documents most often used methods of stadium financing in recent years along with the historical shift from privately built stadiums to public funded stadiums in the span of 65 years. This paper also briefly reviews the literature evaluating the impacts of public spending for professional sports stadiums. The vast literature on the topic reveals that economists and city planners agree that public subsidy to build expensive professional sports stadiums cannot be justified on the grounds of perceived economic development. Findings Over the years, funding mix to build professional sports facilities has changed dramatically. Local government has been coming up with various financing strategies involving new and old instruments. Originality/value The findings also suggest that share of local and state government has gone up in recent years compare to federal government share.

Background: Due to exposure to overwhelming work stressors, approximately half of emergency department (ED) physicians and nurses experience burnout, leading to lower productivity, lower quality of care, higher risk of medical errors, higher rates of absenteeism, and eventually turnover. Growing evidence suggests that the physical environment can be leveraged to support healthcare workers’ well-being. Objectives: This study aimed to identify (1) self-care behaviors that healthcare workers engage in to help them cope with job-related stress, (2) where they engage in those behaviors, (3) attributes of the built environment that may support coping behaviors. Methods: A mixed-methods study was conducted in three EDs, using online questionnaires (n = 85) and interviews (n = 20). Results: Job-related stress was derived from interruptions, workload and inability to take breaks, insufficient workspace, lack of privacy, unpredictability of EDs, and security concerns. Talking with a colleague, getting something to eat or drink, listening to music, and taking a walk were considered destressing activities. The bathroom was considered a place for destressing by the majority of participants, followed by outside areas, physician-only areas, and care team stations. Supportive environmental features included sufficient workspace, maximized privacy, reduced noise and clutter, controlled temperature and lighting, spaces for decompressing, spaces for documentation, close-by breakrooms with enough eating space and massage chairs, chairs with back support, standing desks, food options, and convenient bathrooms. Conclusions: Design decisions play an important role in supporting stress reduction among healthcare workers. This study provides several strategies to achieve this aim.

The present study shows that the availability of "pollution havens" can negate the effect of national legislation that tightens industrial greenhouse gas emission standards. In the perverse case, a unilateral tightening of said standards in Country A (a country with relatively stringent industrial emission standards) causes a representative multinational firm to emit more units of greenhouse gas in its global production. The article highlights the potential perils of unilateral action on environmental issues that are global in nature.