The identified independent prognostic factors should be used to select patients for multimodality therapy for adequate palliation.

Gallstone ileus is a difficult clinical entity to diagnose. Unreserved use of imaging techniques can improve diagnostic accuracy and speed of therapeutic decision making. Management of gallstone ileus must be individualized. The one-stage procedure should be offered only to highly selected patients with good cardiorespiratory reserve and with absolute indications for biliary surgery at the time of presentation.

There is, thus, need for further increasing awareness among men to reduce stigma associated with presentation of symptoms related to breast. This should be in addition to stressing to clinicians the ways of earlier detection and tailor-made "gender oriented" treatment of breast cancer in men.

Evidence suggests an increase in the incidence of seroma because of thermal trauma from electrocautery dissection, but this is indispensable for surgical haemostasis. Obliteration of dead space by various flap apposition techniques has been shown to be advantageous in reducing incidence and volume of seroma. Low-pressure suction drainage reduces seroma volume and duration of drainage leading to earlier drain removal. Preventive measures have to be tailored according to individual patient and operative factors.