<p><em>Perlakuan benih menggunakan rizobakteri </em><em>sebagai </em><em> alternatif  pengganti penggunaan bahan kimia untuk mengendalikan penyakit tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) </em><em>menyeleksi keefektifan isolat rizobakteri dalam menghambat pertumbuhan Phytophthora capsici secara in vitro, dan (2) mempelajari pengaruh perlakuan benih menggunakan rizobakteri terhadap pertumbuhan P. capsici, vigor benih dan pertumbuhan tanaman. Penel</em><em>i</em><em>tian ini terdiri</em><em> atas dua tahap percobaan, kedua percobaan tersebut menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap. Percobaan satu (pesemaian) terdiri atas lima taraf yaitu perlakuan benih dengan rizobakteri </em><em>ST116B, ST156, E3, </em><em>m</em><em>etalaksil,</em><em> dan tanpa perlakuan (k</em><em>on</em><em>t</em><em>r</em><em>ol). Percobaan dua (di rumah kaca) terdiri atas enam taraf yaitu perlakuan rizobakteri ST116B, ST156, E3, metalaksil, kontrol positif, dan kontrol negatif</em><em>. </em><em>Terdapat 7 </em><em>r</em><em>izobakteri</em><em> dari 23 isolat yang diuji yaitu</em><em> ST156</em><em>, E3, </em><em>ST1</em><em>16B</em><em>, ST</em><em>81,</em><em> SK7,</em><em> ST116</em><em>,</em><em> dan ST109B</em><em> menghambat pertumbuhan P. capsici secara in vitro</em><em>. Perlakuan benih dengan rizobakteri ST116B, ST156, dan E3 </em><em>nyata meningkatkan vigor benih pada tolok ukur indeks vigor. </em><em>Perlakuan benih </em><em>terbaik dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman (jumlah daun) </em><em>dan berpotensi mengendalikan penyakit busuk phytophthora pada tanaman cabai </em><em>adalah </em><em>dengan r</em><em>izobakteri ST116B.</em><em> </em><strong><em></em></strong></p>

BackgroundNitrate uptake is a highly regulated process. Understanding the intricate interactions between nitrate availability and genetically-controlled nitrate acquisition and metabolism is essential for improving nitrogen use efficiency and increasing nitrate uptake capacity for plants grown in both nitrate-poor and nitrate-enriched environments. In this report, we introduced into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) the constitutively expressed maize high-affinity transporter ZmNrt2.1 gene that would bypass the tight control for the endogenous nitrate-responsive genes. By using calcium inhibitors and varying levels of NO3 −, Ca2+ and K+, we probed how the host plants were affected in their nitrate response.ResultsWe found that the ZmNrt2.1-expressing plants had better root growth than the wild type plants when Ca2+ was deficient regardless of the nitrate levels. The growth restriction associated with Ca2+-deficiency can be alleviated with a high level of K+. Furthermore, the transgenic plants exhibited altered expression patterns of several endogenous, nitrate-responsive genes, including the high- and low-affinity nitrate transporters, the Bric-a-Brac/Tramtrack/Broad protein BT2 and the transcription factor TGA-binding protein TGA1, in responding to treatments of NO3 −, K+ or inhibitors for the calcium channel and the cytosolic Ca2+-regulating phospholipase C, as compared to the wild type plants under the same treatments. Their expression was not only responsive to nitrate, but also affected by Ca2+. There were also different patterns of gene expression between roots and shoots.ConclusionOur results demonstrate the ectopic effect of the maize nitrate transporter on the host plant’s overall gene expression of nitrate sensing system, and further highlight the involvement of calcium in nitrate sensing in tobacco plants.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s40529-017-0203-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Indonesia dominates about 76% of nutmeg production and export in the world, where around 28.26% is produced in North Moluccas and 24.25% of its from North Halmahera. The objectives of this study were to reduce the biotic stress, increase the yield and improve the quality of the nutmeg produced by Tarakani Farmer Group in Galela District. (1) the Morphology of dry fruit rot disease in each stratum and (2) nutmeg cultivation system collected through interviews; and (3) climatic data, including temperature, and rainfall obtained from the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency of Galela District. This study was conducted at west Galela District and Tarakani Farmer Group. The farmers implemented the sanitation techniques of the crops; i.e.: pruning, collection and pile up/bury of the dropped fruits and fumigation by burning some leaves of local trees and biotic stress be controlled. During one year a grade A of nutmeg increased from 5.7 tons to 37.6 tons or increased from 17.6% to 38.2%. Nutmeg grade C reduced from 40% to 25%%. This effort will still be forwarded by utilizing biological agents to reduce biotic stress, such as Trichoderma spp. to control fungal pathogens and Bacillus thurigiensis to pest control.

The present study aimed to determine the effect of cherry leaf extract (Muntingia calabura L) on hatchability of Balitnak Superior Free Range Chickens (KUB) through artificial hatching. The doses of cherry leaf extract used in this study were 0%, 10%, 15% and 20%. The hatching eggs used came from KUB hens that were intensively reared in the poultry house at UPBS BPTP, North Sumatra. The procedures applied in this study were collection of hatching eggs, fumigation of machines and equipment, setting of machines and hatching eggs, egg washing with cherry leaf extract and hatching of eggs for 21 days. During the hatching process, observations were made on predetermined variables. The observed variables were egg shape index, egg weight loss, shell temperature and hatchability. The method used was completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 100 replications. The results showed that the hatching egg shape index in this study was 75,77 – 77,05%. The lowest egg weight loss was at P0 (0%), while the largest weight loss was at P2 (15%). The highest hatchability was observed in P1 (10%) at 84%. The most effective P1 treatment resulted in the highest egg hatchability in the present study.