No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher. with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. ForewordMankind has been plagued by mosquitoes as nuisances and as vectors of mosquito-borne diseases for centuries, resulting in inestimable economic losses and indeterminable human suffering. Mosquitoes transmit some of the deadliest diseases known to man-malaria and yellow feveras well as dengue, encephalitis, filariasis and a hundred or so other maladies. In spite of decades of mosquito control efforts throughout affected regions worldwide, this scourge has not left us and our present-day overpopulated, jet-linked world remains on the edge of resurgence and outbreaks of old and new mosquito-borne disease epidemics.Ninety-two mosquito species of more than 3200 recorded worldwide, traverse the European continent. In Europe malaria was eradicated ca. 50 years ago. Current trends in re-emerging mosquito-borne infectious diseases, exemplified by increasing numbers of imported malaria cases and recent outbreaks of West Nile Fever (WNF) virus, however, have given rise to growing public concern. Seasonal outbreaks of nuisance mosquito populations, which plague ecologically sensitive tourist and urban areas cause significant economic damage and constitute the major problem in Europe.This book is the product of a monumental task of collecting, processing and organising vital information on the mosquito populations of Europe. It presents a multitude of information on the bionomics, systematics, ecology and control of both pestiferous (nuisance) and disease vectors in an easily readable style providing practical guidance and important information to both professional and layman alike. It is conveniently divided into four parts containing sixteen chapters. Part one deals with general information on systematics, morphology and biology of mosquitoes, their medical significance and a very useful subchapter on mosquito research that includes important techniques and technologies utilised in mosquito surveys for sampling eggs, larvae and adult mosquito populations. Part two contains keys to identification of larval and adult mosquito genera. Part three gives a very detailed and instructive account of the morphology, ecology and distribution of all 92 European species included in 8 genera: Anopheles, Aedes, Ochlerotatus, Culex, Culiseta, Coquillettidia, Orthopodomyia and Uranotaenia. This part is extremely important for species identification in any successful mosquito control or mosquito-borne disease surveillance programme.Part four dealing with control of mosquitoes is well ordered in seven sections: biological, chemical and physical control as well as personal protection, integrated pest management, implementation of sur...

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher. with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. ForewordMankind has been plagued by mosquitoes as nuisances and as vectors of mosquito-borne diseases for centuries, resulting in inestimable economic losses and indeterminable human suffering. Mosquitoes transmit some of the deadliest diseases known to man-malaria and yellow feveras well as dengue, encephalitis, filariasis and a hundred or so other maladies. In spite of decades of mosquito control efforts throughout affected regions worldwide, this scourge has not left us and our present-day overpopulated, jet-linked world remains on the edge of resurgence and outbreaks of old and new mosquito-borne disease epidemics.Ninety-two mosquito species of more than 3200 recorded worldwide, traverse the European continent. In Europe malaria was eradicated ca. 50 years ago. Current trends in re-emerging mosquito-borne infectious diseases, exemplified by increasing numbers of imported malaria cases and recent outbreaks of West Nile Fever (WNF) virus, however, have given rise to growing public concern. Seasonal outbreaks of nuisance mosquito populations, which plague ecologically sensitive tourist and urban areas cause significant economic damage and constitute the major problem in Europe.This book is the product of a monumental task of collecting, processing and organising vital information on the mosquito populations of Europe. It presents a multitude of information on the bionomics, systematics, ecology and control of both pestiferous (nuisance) and disease vectors in an easily readable style providing practical guidance and important information to both professional and layman alike. It is conveniently divided into four parts containing sixteen chapters. Part one deals with general information on systematics, morphology and biology of mosquitoes, their medical significance and a very useful subchapter on mosquito research that includes important techniques and technologies utilised in mosquito surveys for sampling eggs, larvae and adult mosquito populations. Part two contains keys to identification of larval and adult mosquito genera. Part three gives a very detailed and instructive account of the morphology, ecology and distribution of all 92 European species included in 8 genera: Anopheles, Aedes, Ochlerotatus, Culex, Culiseta, Coquillettidia, Orthopodomyia and Uranotaenia. This part is extremely important for species identification in any successful mosquito control or mosquito-borne disease surveillance programme.Part four dealing with control of mosquitoes is well ordered in seven sections: biological, chemical and physical control as well as personal protection, integrated pest management, implementation of sur...

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BackgroundIn Sub Saharan Africa malaria remains one of the major health problems and its control represents an important public health measure. Integrated malaria control comprises the use of impregnated mosquito nets and indoor residual spraying. The use of drugs to treat patients can create additional pressure on the equation of malaria transmission. Vector control may target the adult mosquitoes or their aquatic larval stages. Biological larvicides such as Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) represent a promising approach to support malaria control programs by creating additional pressure on the equation of malaria transmission.MethodsIn this study we examined the efficacy of a water-dispersible granule formulation (WDG) of the biological larvicide Bti (VectoBac®) against wild Anopheles spp. larvae. Different concentrations of the larvicide were tested in standardized plastic tubs in the field against untreated controls. In weekly intervals tubs were treated with fixed concentrations of larvicide and the percentage reduction of larvae and pupae was calculated.ResultsAll used concentrations successfully killed 100 percent of the larvae within 24 hours, while the higher concentrations showed a slightly prolonged residual effect. Natural reconolization of larvae took place after two and three days respectively, late instar larvae were not found before 5 days after treatment. For the higher concentrations, up to three days no new larvae were found, implicating that the residual effect of WDG in tropical conditions is approximately one to two days. The overall pupae reduction in treated tubs was 98.5%.ConclusionsBiological larviciding with Bti can be a promising, additional tool in the fight against malaria in Africa. Environmental particularities in tropical Africa, first and foremost the rapid development of mosquitoes from oviposition to imago have to be taken into account before implementing such counter measures in national or international vector control programs. Nonetheless biological larviciding seems to be an appropriate measure for selected conditions, offering a significant contribution to the future of malaria control.